60) Emotional intelligence has been shown to be ________.
A) negatively related to job performance at all levels
B) negatively related to job performance in middle management only
C) positively related to job performance only in mechanistic organizations
D) positively related to job performance at all levels
61) The ability to sense how others are feeling is known as ________.
A) agreeableness
B) empathy
C) sympathy
D) relationship management
62) Holland’s theory proposes that satisfaction is highest and turnover lowest when ________.
A) the locus of control is internal
B) an employee is social and realistic
C) personality and occupation are compatible
D) an employee can adjust behavior to external factors
63) What is a key point of Holland’s theory?
A) There are no intrinsic differences in personality among individuals.
B) All jobs are relatively the same, it is personality types that differ.
C) People in job environments compatible with their personality types should be more satisfied.
D) Employee turnover is highest when personality and occupation are compatible.
64) Bridget prefers rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities. She doesn’t have a lot of
imagination but could be described as conforming and efficient. Which of the following
describes Bridget’s personality?
A) anti-social
B) dull
C) conservative
D) conventional
65) There is enough evidence to support the validity of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a
measure of personality.
66) Extraversion is the degree to which someone is sociable, talkative, assertive, and comfortable
in relationships with others.
67) In the Big Five Model, emotional security was found to be positively related to job
performance.
68) A person who rates as being high in Machiavellianism would use any means to accomplish a
task.
69) Individuals with low self-esteem are more susceptible to external influence than are people
with high self-esteem.
70) High self-monitors can’t adjust their behavior and there’s high behavioral consistency
between who they are and what they do.
71) Describe the Big Five Model. List and discuss the five personality traits that are based on the
Big Five Model of personality.
72) In a short essay, list and discuss five personality traits (not the Big Five) that have proven to
be powerful in explaining individual behavior in organizations.
73) ________ is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory impressions to give meaning
to the environment.
A) Attribution
B) Selection
C) Cognition
D) Perception
74) ________ theory explains how we judge people differently depending on what meaning we
ascribe to a given behavior.
A) Perception
B) Behavior
C) Attribution
D) Stereotype
75) If everyone who’s faced with a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the
behavior shows ________.
A) reliability
B) consistency
C) consensus
D) internal attribution
76) People in the accounting department generally arrive 15 minutes early. So does Valerie, who
is late today. This situation shows ________.
A) high consensus
B) low consensus
C) high consistency
D) low consistency
77) People say she will be late for her own funeral. It doesn’t matter whether it’s a team meeting
or a meeting with her son’s teacher, Malinda will be late. But she always has a plausible reason,
one that is never her fault. Malinda’s behavior shows ________.
A) high distinctiveness
B) low distinctiveness
C) high consensus
D) low consensus
78) Underestimating the influence of external factors and overestimating the influence of internal
factors when making judgments about others is known as the ________.
A) fundamental attribution error
B) self-serving bias
C) locus of control error
D) halo effect
79) “He could do it if he wanted to. He just doesn’t like that part of his job, that’s all.” A
statement like this from a supervisor indicates ________.
A) locus of control error
B) the horn effect
C) a halo effect
D) a fundamental attribution error
80) ________ is the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors
such as ability or effort while putting the blame for personal failure on external factors such as
luck.
A) Locus of control error
B) Stereotyping
C) Fundamental attribution error
D) Self-serving bias
81) In ________, the observer’s perception of others is influenced more by the observer’s own
characteristics than by those of the person observed.
A) stereotyping
B) self-serving bias
C) assumed similarity
D) the halo effect
82) James is a very hard-working person and has just been promoted to the managerial ranks. His
managerial style is to be flexible and understanding and not boss over his employees too much.
He believes that people who are hardworking will always make sure that the work gets done on
time. Even when he is out of office, he supposes that his subordinates are working diligently
because he works diligently most of the time. James’s perceptions of his employees are based on
________.
A) stereotyping
B) selective perception
C) halo effect
D) assumed similarity
83) Bill, a manager at a consulting firm, has been keenly analyzing the performance of a new
recruit who turns out to be extremely intelligent. He concludes that she will be a good manager
in the future even though her interpersonal skills are not half as impressive. This conclusion on
Bill’s part seems to be the result of ________.
A) stereotyping
B) selective perception
C) the halo effect
D) assumed similarity
84) Anne prefers one-page memos with only the main points of the issue. As a manager, she has
limited amounts of time to read about internal problems. So when she prepares memos for her
boss, she provides a brief outline of the situation to spare her boss the agony of having to read
the boring details. Anne has succumbed to ________.
A) the liking effect
B) assumed similarity
C) the halo effect
D) stereotyping
85) When people judge someone on the basis of the perception of a group to which they belong,
they are using the shortcut called ________.
A) stereotyping
B) self-serving bias
C) assumed similarity
D) the halo effect
86) “Everyone knows Plutonians are sneaky little wretches who will steal you blind if you aren’t
careful. Polly is a Plutonian. Therefore, Polly is a thief.” This line of reasoning is typical of
________.
A) group association
B) assumed similarity
C) stereotyping
D) the halo effect
87) By using ________, we form a general impression about a person based on only a single
characteristic, such as intelligence or appearance.
A) stereotyping
B) selectivity
C) the halo effect
D) assumed similarity
88) During the interview Ken was so impressed with Barbie’s knowledge of aesthetic
engineering he offered her the job on the spot. Unfortunately her job performance did not meet
his expectations. Ken may have fallen victim to ________.
A) selective perception
B) stereotyping
C) assumed similarity
D) the halo effect
89) Consensus refers to whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations.
90) When we make judgments about the behavior of other people, we tend to underestimate the
influence of external factors and to overestimate the influence of internal factors. This tendency
is called the self-serving bias.
91) “All attractive people are productive. Abigail is attractive; therefore, Abigail is productive.”
This is an example of the halo effect.
92) In a short essay, list and discuss three shortcuts frequently used in judging others. Discuss the
impact these shortcuts have on the management of employees.
93) Operant conditioning argues that ________.
A) behavior is learned through observation
B) all behavior has unintended consequences
C) behavior patterns are established in childhood
D) behavior is a function of its consequences
94) ________ behavior is voluntary or learned behavior.
A) Reflexive
B) Dissonant
C) Operant
D) Reactive
95) The influence of models depends on how well an individual remembers the model’s
behavior. This refers to the individual’s ________.
A) retention process
B) motor reproduction process
C) attentional process
D) reinforcement process
96) Donna has just moved to the city from a small town and gets a job as an assistant in a law
firm. Not being very familiar with the way things work in the corporate world, she watches her
colleagues closely and tries to learn from their mistakes and achievements. This can be described
as ________.
A) motor reproduction
B) positive reinforcement
C) reflexive learning
D) social learning
97) After watching a behavior in a social learning situation, a person can demonstrate learning by
performing the behavior. This is known as learning by ________.
A) retention
B) motor reproduction
C) attention
D) reinforcement
98) When a manager molds an individual’s behavior by guiding his or her learning in graduated
steps, he is using ________.
A) retention processes
B) motor reproduction processes
C) programmed learning
D) shaping processes
99) If an employee does not exhibit a desired behavior, a manager might use ________.
A) negative reinforcement to increase the recurrence of the behavior
B) shaping to guide the employee to learn the desired behavior
C) positive reinforcement by reducing the threat of a punishment
D) reflexive behavior to encourage positive results
100) “Any additional violations of company policy will result in escalating disciplinary action up
to and including termination.” This statement found on many corrective action forms, is an
example of ________.
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction
101) The toddler knew if he held his breath his parents would yield to his demands. But this time
they returned to their newspapers and gave the child no further notice. These parents were
engaging in ________.
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction
102) She was only three but already had a temper. Her favorite outburst was to stomp her foot.
So her mother made her stomp and stomp and stomp until there was no more stomping left in
her. This mother was using ________ to alter her daughter’s behavior.
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction
103) Eliminating any reinforcement that’s maintaining an undesirable behavior is called
________.
A) penalizing
B) extinction
C) punishment
D) extraction
104) Operant behavior is reflexive or unlearned behavior.
105) The influence that models have on an individual is partially determined by attentional
processes.
106) Both positive and negative reinforcement result in learning.
107) Define learning and explain the two learning theories that are relevant to understanding how
and why individual behavior occurs.
108) Richard is the manager of the Sales department in his company. He notices that several of
the salespeople reporting to him are taking it easy. Their focus is to just meet the sales target and
take no extra initiative to improve sales or their individual performances. As a result, the
department’s performance is declining. Explain how Richard can encourage his salespeople to
improve their performances using the shaping techniques.
109) Which of the following is true for Gen Y workers?
A) They are accepting of the prevailing order and style of working and easily fit into it.
B) They have a deep-seated need for boundaries and structure and dislike multitasking.
C) They are dedicated workers and follow office rules and dress codes strictly.
D) They are knowledgeable and willing workers, but do not compromise on their personal lives.
110) Which of the following managerial styles will Gen Y workers approve of and respond to?
A) authoritarian
B) paternal
C) flexible
D) dictatorial
111) Describe the characteristics of Gen Y employees. What challenges do managers face in
dealing with Gen Y employees and how can management address these?