Chapter 14—Understanding Individual Behavior
TRUE/FALSE
1. Job satisfaction is work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the
organization’s success.
2. The link between satisfaction and performance, according to research, is generally small and is
affected by other factors.
3. Organizations don’t want to lose talented, highly skilled workers, so they try to create an atmosphere of
job satisfaction.
4. Loyalty to and heavy involvement in one’s organization refers to organizational commitment.
5. A positive attitude toward one’s job is called cognitive attitude.
6. Proximity is the tendency to group sensory data because they are alike in some way.
7. A halo blinds the perceiver to other attributes that should be used in generating a more complete
assessment.
8. A change in behavior or performance that occurs as the result of experience refers to perception.
9. Recent surveys indicate that the majority of working individuals strongly trust in their top
management.
10. Attribution is the cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting,
organizing, and interpreting information.
11. Organizing the selected data into patterns for interpretation and response is the last step in the
perception process.
12. The tendency to see one’s own personal traits in other people refers to attribution.
13. From attributions viewpoint, if the behavior is in consensus, the perceiver will probably respond to
similar situations in the same way.
14. From attributions viewpoint, if the behavior is distinctive, the perceiver probably will make an internal
attribution.
15. Self-serving bias is when people give themselves too much credit for what they do well and give
external forces too much blame when they fail.
16. An internal attribution says something about the situation has caused the person’s behavior.
17. Teresa is highly imaginative and an artistically sensitive individual who displays a high degree of
creativity. According to the Big Five personality factors, these qualities describe her openness to
experience.
18. The degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, assertive, and comfortable with interpersonal
relationships is called extroversion.
19. The degree to which a person is able to get along with others by being good-natured, likable,
cooperative, forgiving, understanding, and trusting is agreeableness.
20. The degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving in ways that are responsible,
dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented is conscientiousness.
21. The degree to which a person is calm, enthusiastic, and self-confident, rather than tense, depressed,
moody, or insecure is emotional stability.
22. Locus of control refers to an individual’s belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific
task or outcome.
23. Attitudes are judgments about what caused a person’s behavior.
24. People with an internal locus of control are easier to motivate because they believe the rewards are the
result of their behavior.
25. People have a high external locus of control when they feel in control of their own fate.
26. People with an external locus of control are harder to motivate but easier to manage.
27. Machiavellianism is the tendency to direct much on one’s behavior toward the acquisition of power
and the manipulation of other people for purely personal gain.
28. Low Machs are particularly good in jobs that require bargaining skills or that involve substantial
rewards for winning.
29. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a personality test that measures a person’s preference for
introversion vs. extroversion, sensation vs. intuition, thinking vs. feeling, and judging vs. perceiving.
30. The Sensation-Thinking style prefers dealing with theoretical or technical problems.
31. An emotion can be thought of as a mental state that arises spontaneously within a person based on
interaction with the environment rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by
physiological changes or sensations.
32. Social awareness is the ability to connect to others, build positive relationships, respond to the
emotions of others, and influence others.
33. The ability to connect to others, build positive relationships, respond to the emotions of others, and
influence others is referred to as relationship management.
34. Self-management is being aware of what you are feeling.
35. Self-management is NOT a component of emotional intelligence.
36. Self confidence refers to a general assurance in one’s own ideas, judgment, and capabilities.
37. The three options in getting things done are: doing it, delegating it, or defering it.
38. The last step in getting organized is to empty your head.
39. According to research, an individual’s personality has no affect on how they respond to stressors.
40. Extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work are included in Type B
behavior pattern.
41. Challenge stress tends to burn people out, while threat stress fires you up.
42. Role ambiguity is defined as uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular
role.
43. Organizations that want to challenge their employees and stay competitive can easily be stress-free.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. An individual’s strong belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome is
referred to as:
a.
locus of control.
b.
self-confidence.
c.
self-efficacy.
d.
perceptual selectivity.
e.
cognitive dissonance.
2. The general assurance in one’s own ideas, judgment, and capabilities is referred to as:
a.
locus of control.
b.
self-confidence.
c.
self-efficacy.
d.
perceptual selectivity.
e.
cognitive dissonance.
3. _____refers to a positive attitude toward one’s job.
a.
Organizational citizenship
b.
Job satisfaction
c.
Cognitive dissonance
d.
Organizational commitment
e.
Job involvement
4. People generally experience _____ when their work matches their needs and interests, when working
conditions and rewards (such as pay) are satisfactory, and when the employees like their co-workers.
a.
job involvement
b.
extroversion
c.
cognitive dissonance
d.
Machiavellianism
e.
job satisfaction
5. Studies have found that the characteristic most common to top executives is:
a.
a Type A personality.
b.
a workaholic mentality.
c.
an unsatisfied worker.
d.
an optimistic attitude.
e.
an introverted personality.
6. Which of the following refers to work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as
needed to the organization’s success?
a.
Job satisfaction
b.
Organizational citizenship
c.
Cognitive dissonance
d.
Job involvement
e.
Organizational Commitment
7. A survey by the Conference Board found that _____ percentage of US workers are satisfied with their
work.
a.
25
b.
75
c.
45
d.
10
e.
95
8. Which of the following is a way for managers to promote organizational commitment?
a.
Making work difficult
b.
Punishing poor performance
c.
Creating more rules
d.
Giving more rewards
e.
Being honest
9. Research shows that the link between _____ and _____ is small and is influenced by other factors.
a.
satisfaction; performance
b.
stress; work
c.
stress; home
d.
stress; performance
e.
satisfaction; personality
10. _____is defined as a positive attitude toward one’s job.
a.
Occupation approval
b.
Career fulfillment
c.
Job satisfaction
d.
Organizational happiness
e.
Organizational commitment
11. _____refers to loyalty to the heavy involvement in the organization.
a.
Organization citizenship
b.
Job satisfaction
c.
Dissonance
d.
Organizational commitment
e.
Job involvement
12. All of the following are tactics for promoting stronger organizational commitment EXCEPT:
a.
maintaining a secretive culture
b.
being honest and trustworthy in business dealings..
c.
giving employees a say in business decisions.
d.
treating employees fairly.
e.
offering employees rewards that they value.
13. Roy is a top executive at a cigarette manufacturing company who believes that cigarettes are
dangerous products and they kill people. This condition can be described as:
a.
job involvement.
b.
extroversion.
c.
cognitive dissonance.
d.
Machiavellianism.
e.
job satisfaction.
14. An evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way is called a(n) _____.
a.
attitude
b.
authoritarianism
c.
perception
d.
projection
e.
personality
15. The cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and
interpreting information is called:
a.
selective retention.
b.
dissonance.
c.
attitude.
d.
perception.
e.
personality.
16. Which of the following describes the last step in the perception process?
a.
Observing information
b.
Screening the information
c.
Selecting what to process
d.
Organizing the selected data into patterns
e.
Transmitting the observed information
17. _____is the process by which individuals screen and select the various objects and stimuli that vie for
their attention.
a.
Person-job fit
b.
Perceptual selectivity
c.
Organizational citizenry
d.
Projection
e.
Perceptual grouping
18. In what stage of the perception process are individuals likely to put things into patterns?
a.
Selecting
b.
Projecting
c.
Organizing
d.
Sensing
e.
Reasoning
19. The first step in the perception process is _____.
a.
contrasting
b.
attribution
c.
reasoning
d.
observation
e.
stereotyping
20. Which of the following is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then to
attribute widely held generalizations about the group to the individual?
a.
Stereotyping
b.
Projection
c.
Figure-ground
d.
The halo effect
e.
Perceptual defense
21. An overall impression of a person or situation based on one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable,
is an example of:
a.
projection.
b.
the halo effect.
c.
perceptual defense.
d.
stereotyping.
e.
attribution.
22. Josh evaluates Kandi’s performance and gives her an “outstanding” based on his knowledge that she
comes to work every day earlier than anyone else and therefore she is extremely hardworking. Josh is
making which of these errors in perceptual judgment?
a.
Perceptual defense
b.
Projection
c.
Stereotyping
d.
The halo effect
e.
Figure-ground
23. The tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors is part of which perceptual bias?
a.
Projection
b.
Self-serving bias
c.
The halo effect
d.
Figure ground
e.
Selective perception
24. The tendency to overestimate the contribution of external factors is part of which perceptual bias?
a.
Projection
b.
The fundamental attribution error
c.
The halo effect
d.
Figure ground
e.
Selective perception
25. Blaming the teacher for a poor grade on an exam, and taking credit for good grades could be an
example of which perceptual bias?
a.
perceptual distortion.
b.
closure activity.
c.
the fundamental attribution error.
d.
stereotyping.
e.
perceptual grouping.
26. Frank regretfully missed an important deadline at work. His boss, George, thinks to himself, “Frank
missed that deadline because he is lazy; I really need to crack down on him more.” This is an
example of what kind of attribution?
a.
External attribution
b.
Internal attribution
c.
Horizontal attribution
d.
Vertical attribution
e.
Skewed attribution
27. The tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one’s successes and the
contribution of external factors to one’s failures is a result of:
a.
self-serving bias.
b.
openness to experience.
c.
over stability.
d.
emotional plateau.
e.
Machiavellianism.
28. _____ refers to the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response
to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.
a.
Dissonance
b.
Personality
c.
Halo effect
d.
Attitude
e.
Perception
29. The Big Five personality factors includes all of these EXCEPT:
a.
extroversion.
b.
conscientiousness.
c.
emotional stability.
d.
locus of control.
e.
agreeableness.
30. Bernice is a talkative, assertive, and sociable individual who is very comfortable with interpersonal
relationships. Which of the following is applicable to Bernice?
a.
Machiavellianism
b.
Conscientiousness
c.
Agreeableness
d.
Emotional stability
e.
Extroversion
31. Jay is a trusting and forgiving individual who gets along with others because of being good-natured
and cooperative. This describes which of the Big Five personality factors?
a.
Agreeableness
b.
Conscientiousness
c.
Emotional stability
d.
Openness to experience
e.
Extroversion