46. One of your fellow students is continually late to class. The professor has tried numerous verbal
warnings and recently took points away from the student’s grade. Based on the above, the professor’s
actions are consistent with which of the following reinforcement techniques?
a.
Negative reinforcement
b.
Punishment
c.
Positive reinforcement
d.
Avoidance learning
e.
Rewards enhancement
47. One of your fellow team members at work is continually disrupting the team’s work with jokes and
general horseplay. You hope that by ignoring him he will stop this senseless behavior. You are
attempting to use which reinforcement tool?
a.
Extinction
b.
Positive reinforcement
c.
Negative reinforcement
d.
Avoidance learning
e.
Desired behavior is reinforced annually
48. Which of the following is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for
improving productivity and satisfaction?
a.
Job design
b.
Job enlargement
c.
Job simplification
d.
Job characteristics
e.
Job enrichment
49. While job ____ can lead to greater task efficiencies, it has failed as a motivational technique.
a.
rotation
b.
enlargement
c.
simplification
d.
characteristics
e.
enrichment
50. Larry is looking for ways to increase the number of different tasks that an employee performs without
increasing task complexity. He should try
a.
job simplification.
b.
job enlargement.
c.
job rotation.
d.
job enrichment.
e.
job lay-off.
51. ____ systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of
different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.
a.
Job simplification
b.
Job rotation
c.
Job enlargement
d.
Job enrichment
e.
None of these
52. Which of these combines a number of tasks horizontally into one, new broader job?
a.
Job simplification
b.
Job rotation
c.
Job enrichment
d.
All of these
e.
None of these
53. Which of the following combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job?
a.
Job simplification
b.
Job enlargement
c.
Job rotation
d.
Job characteristics
e.
Job lay-off
54. A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work
is referred to as
a.
job simplification.
b.
job rotation.
c.
job enlargement.
d.
job enrichment.
e.
none of these.
55. Karen is a first line supervisor at Wolfs, Inc. She wishes to increase her employee’s opportunities for
growth and learning. Which of the following techniques should she use?
a.
Job enlargement
b.
Job enrichment
c.
Job rotation
d.
Positive reinforcement
e.
Continuous
56. ____ is an important part of the job characteristics model.
a.
Critical psychological states
b.
A hierarchy of needs
c.
Schedules of reinforcement
d.
All of these
e.
None of these
57. The core dimension of Hackman and Oldham’s model of job characteristics that is based on the
number of diverse activities that make up a job is known as
a.
autonomy.
b.
job enlargement.
c.
skill variety.
d.
task identity.
e.
feedback.
58. Which of the following refers to the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a
recognizable beginning and ending?
a.
Task complexity
b.
Task identity
c.
Task significance
d.
Task structure
e.
None of these
59. The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having impact on the company or customers
is referred to as
a.
task complexity.
b.
task identity.
c.
task significance.
d.
task structure.
e.
task simplification.
60. ____ influences the critical psychological state of experienced meaningfulness of work.
a.
Skill variety
b.
Task significance
c.
Task identity
d.
All of these
e.
Task significance and task identity only
61. Daisy tried to apply the job characteristics model to her workforce, but it only worked for some of her
employees. Which of the following may be a reason why it did not work for everyone?
a.
Some of her employees are lazy.
b.
Some of her employees are low in growth-need strength.
c.
Some of her employees have a low need for power.
d.
All of her employees have high growth-needs.
e.
Some of her employees have low affiliation needs.
62. ____ is the extent to which doing the job provides information back to the employee about his or her
performance.
a.
Feedback
b.
Assessment
c.
Evaluation
d.
Satisfaction
e.
Fulfillment
63. The job characteristic of feedback provides the worker with
a.
employee growth-need strength.
b.
experienced meaningfulness of work.
c.
experienced responsibility.
d.
knowledge of actual results.
e.
demotivation.
64. The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is referred to as
a.
need for power.
b.
need for achievement.
c.
empowerment.
d.
passing the buck.
e.
need of affiliation.
65. Empowering employees means giving employees
a.
information.
b.
knowledge.
c.
power.
d.
rewards.
e.
all of these.
66. On the continuum of empowerment, what is the highest level of empowerment that requires the most
complex skills?
a.
Self-management
b.
Suggestion programs
c.
Participation groups
d.
Cross-functional teams
e.
Periodic briefings
67. On the continuum of empowerment, employees who are self-managed
a.
give input.
b.
participate in decisions.
c.
are responsible for decision process and strategy.
d.
have no decision discretion.
e.
make decisions.
68. ____ is a situation in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals,
and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization.
a.
Commitment
b.
Engagement
c.
Employee loyalty
d.
Employee assurance
e.
Employee guarantee
69. Sally enjoys her job as a teacher, not because of the pay or benefits, but because she feels good about
shaping the minds of tomorrow’s leaders. Sally is motivated by:
a.
Power factors
b.
Leadership factors
c.
Hygiene factors
d.
Extrinsic rewards
e.
Intrinsic rewards
70. Which of the following theories focuses on employee learning of desired work behaviors?
a.
Reinforcement theory
b.
ERG theory
c.
Hierarchy of needs theory
d.
Experiential learning theory
e.
Content theory
71. Which motivation theory proposes that needs must be satisfied in sequence?
a.
Reinforcement theory
b.
ERG theory
c.
Hierarchy of needs theory
d.
Experiential learning theory
e.
Social learning theory
72. Highroller Casinos provides good salaries and benefits, including bonuses of up to 25 percent of
annual salaries. However, the company has been criticized for not establishing an achievement or
recognition program for its employees. Which of the following best describes the company in terms
of the two-factor theory?
a.
Good motivators, inadequate hygiene factors
b.
Good hygiene factors, inadequate motivators
c.
Good hygiene factors and motivators
d.
Inadequate hygiene factors and motivators
e.
None of the above
73. Samuel, a sales associate at an electronics store, learns that his base pay is higher than any other sales
associate in the store. He justifies his higher salary to the idea that he must be a top sales associate,
generating more revenue than anyone else. This example demonstrates which method for reducing
perceived inequity?
a.
Working harder, not smarter
b.
Changing outcomes
c.
Changing work effort
d.
Changing perceptions
e.
Leaving the job
74. Yolanda recently learned that Sue, who works in the same position as she and has been with the
company for the same amount of time, earns about ten percent more than she does. As a result,
Yolanda feels that she should not work as hard, so she starts coming in late and taking more days off.
This is an example of which method for reducing perceived equity?
a.
Working harder, not smarter
b.
Changing outcomes
c.
Changing work effort
d.
Changing perceptions
e.
Leaving the job
75. A recent study from the U.S. Department of Labor shows that the top reason that people leave their
jobs is because they:
a.
Don’t make enough money
b.
Don’t feel appreciated
c.
Don’t believe in what the organization stands for
d.
Don’t like their colleagues
e.
Don’t like their boss
76. Jeff and Rob have a difficult time getting along at work. Most days, Jeff spends a lot of time cracking
jokes and goofing off, while Rob constantly nags him and tells him to act like a grown-up. On days
when Jeff is more reserved, Rob does not nag him, hoping that this will result in improved behavior
down the road. This is an example of which form of behavior modification?
a.
Empowerment
b.
Extinction
c.
Punishment
d.
Avoidance learning
e.
Positive reinforcement
77. Which theory proposes that an individual’s motivation can result not just from direct experience of
rewards and punishments but also from the person’s thoughts and beliefs and his or her observations of
other people’s behavior?
a.
Reinforcement theory
b.
Hierarchy of needs theory
c.
ERG theory
d.
Experiential learning theory
e.
Social learning theory
78. _________ occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for
them.
a.
Vicarious learning
b.
Self-efficacy
c.
Self-reinforcement
d.
Delegation
e.
Experiential learning
79. At Rightway Industries, new hires spend a significant portion of their first week of training just
walking around the factory, observing other workers and watching them get rewarded for doing their
jobs well. This is an example of:
a.
Vicarious learning
b.
Self-efficacy
c.
Self-reinforcement
d.
Delegation
e.
Experiential learning
80. ________ is an individual’s belief about his or her abilities to successfully accomplish a specific task
or outcome.
a.
Self-control
b.
Self-efficacy
c.
Self-reinforcement
d.
Autonomy
e.
Delegation
81. ___________ is power sharing, or the delegation of power or authority to subordinates in an
organization.
a.
Engagement
b.
Synergy
c.
Motivation
d.
Empowerment
e.
Leadership
82. Carla’s subordinates view her as a great manager. Not only does she get the job done, but she
organizes the workplace in such a way that employees experience a sense of meaningfulness,
connection, and growth. This is an example of employee:
a.
Pay-for-performance
b.
Delegation
c.
Empathy
d.
Apathy
e.
Engagement
CASE
Scenario – Donovan Zorn
Donovan Zorn was a successful manager for one of the subsidiaries at Eagles Unlimited. He was
responsible for 232 workers and had a span of control of eight lower level managers. Donovan has
decided to try to increase performance and productivity by the careful use of motivational theories.
1. The hygiene factors, or dissatifiers, that Donovan can influence include all of the following EXCEPT
a.
salary and wages.
b.
supervision relationships.
c.
working conditions.
d.
company policies.
e.
all are hygiene factors.
2. The motivator factors, or satisfiers, that Donovan can change and influence include all of the following
EXCEPT
a.
recognition.
b.
growth opportunities.
c.
achievement.
d.
salary.
e.
all are motivator factors.
3. One of Donovan’s best employees has a driving need to be able to attain a high standard of success, to
master complex tasks, and to surpass others. Donovan recognizes these acquired needs as defined as
a.
the need for accomplishment.
b.
the need for power.
c.
the need for affiliation.
d.
the need for adaptation.
e.
none of these.
4. Donovan understands that perceived inequity creates tensions within individuals that motivate them to
bring equity back into balance, and one of his production supervisors feels that she is underpaid.
Which of the following is not a common method for reducing perceived inequity?
a.
Change in his inputs to the organization
b.
Change his outcomes from the organization
c.
Distort his perception
d.
Leave the job for a new one
e.
All are common methods
COMPLETION
1. ____________________ refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse
enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action.
2. The satisfaction received in the process of performing an action is also known as a(n)
____________________.
3. ____________________ rewards are given by another person, typically a manager, and include
promotions and pay increases.
4. ____________________ theories emphasize the needs that motivate people.
5. A content theory that proposes that people are motivated by five categories of needs-physiological,
safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization-that exist in a hierarchical order is called the
____________________ theory.
6. ____________________ are the most basic human physical needs, including food, water, and oxygen.
7. A modification of the needs hierarchy theory that proposes three categories of needs: existence,
relatedness, and growth is called the ____________________ theory.
8. The idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied
lower-order need is referred to as a(n) ____________________.
9. Factors that involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, such as working conditions or pay, are
known as ____________________.
10. ____________________ are high-level needs and include achievement, recognition, responsibility,
and opportunity for growth.
11. ____________________ theories explain how workers select behavioral actions to meet their needs
and determine whether their choices were successful.
12. ____________________ theory focuses on an individual’s perceptions of how fairly he or she is
treated relative to others.
13. A state of ____________________ exists whenever the ratio of one person’s outcomes to inputs equals
the ratio of another’s outcomes to inputs.
14. ____________________ theory suggests that motivation depends on individuals’ expectations about
their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards.
15. ____________________ involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.
16. ____________________ involves whether successful performance will lead to the desired outcome.
17. ____________________ is the value of outcomes, or attraction for outcomes, for the individual.
18. A motivation theory based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences is called
the ____________________.
19. ____________________ is the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is
used to modify human behavior.
20. The assumption that positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated is the basis for the
____________________.
21. ____________________ is defined as anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or
inhibited.
22. ____________________ is the removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior.
23. ____________________ is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for
improving productivity and satisfaction.
24. ____________________ systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing
the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.
25. ____________________ combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job.
26. ____________________ incorporates high-level motivators into the work, including job
responsibility, recognition, and opportunities for growth, learning, and achievement.
27. ____________________ is defined as the altering of jobs to increase both the quality of employees’
work experience and their productivity.
28. ____________________ is the degree to which the worker has freedom, discretion, and
self-determination in planning and carrying out tasks.
29. ____________________ theory proposes that managers can increase motivation by setting specific,
challenging goals that are accepted as valid by subordinates, then helping people track their progress
toward goal achievement by providing timely feedback.
30. The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is called ____________________.
SHORT ANSWER
1. List the four content theories discussed in your text.
2. List the three needs proposed by Clayton Alderfer.
3. List the four types of reinforcement.
4. List the five core job dimensions found in the job characteristics model.
ESSAY
1. Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.
2. Briefly describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory.
3. Compare the five groups of needs in Maslow’s theory with the three groups of needs in Alderfer’s ERG
theory.
4. In David McClelland’s acquired needs theory, what are the three acquired needs most commonly
discussed and which is(are) not dependent on relationships with other people?
5. Briefly explain expectancy theory.
6. Explain employee growth-need strength and its relationship to the job characteristics model.
7. Describe the four elements that enable employees to become empowered.
8. Briefly describe social learning theory and its three elements.