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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
1. Extrinsic motivation is the motivation to do work because it is interesting, engaging, or possibly challenging rather than
because someone is rewarding us to do the work.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Agency theory provides HR managers with a useful framework for trying to deal with conflicts of interest so that
everyone works toward the common organizational goals.
a.
True
b.
False
3. In expectancy theory, instrumentality is a person’s perception of the probability that an increase in effort will result in
an increase in performance.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Partial reinforcement cannot be applied to punishment.
a.
True
b.
False
5. The direction in which a person will exert efforts is unrelated to motivation.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Intrinsic motivation is a factor that has been linked to creativity at work.
a.
True
b.
False
7. It is critical that an organization maintain a climate of openness and make an employee feel comfortable to suggest even
a “useless” idea.
a.
True
b.
False
8. In the context of reinforcement theory, the term “outcome” refers to the behavior that we exhibit in reaction to a
stimulus.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Intrinsic motivation requires an external agent to administer a reward that is separate from the actual task or job being
performed.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Agents are more likely than principals to take risks when they make decisions.
a.
True
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b.
False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
11. In Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, identify the needs that include a safe environment and that are satisfied by
things such as insurance or a pension.
a.
Physiological needs
b.
Security needs
c.
Esteem needs
d.
Social needs
12. Which of the following factors is associated with high levels of intrinsic motivation at work?
a.
A sense of self-determination
b.
Fear of punishment
c.
A promotion
d.
Monetary reinforcement
13. Identify a true statement about expectancy theory.
a.
It is a need-based theory of motivation.
b.
It is a simple theory from a cognitive perspective.
c.
It deals with the actual relationships between the components in the model.
d.
It is used to estimate the force operating on an employee to increase her or his effort.
14. In Maslow’s theory, identify the specific needs that are capable of motivating behavior at any given point in time.
a.
Comparative needs
b.
Prepotent needs
c.
Normative needs
d.
Anticipated needs
15. While watching television, Jason comes across an advertisement on a new soft drink brand. This advertisement
reminds him that he is thirsty and wants to buy a beverage. In the context of reinforcement theory, the advertisement
serves as a(n) _____.
a.
orienting reflex
b.
stimulus
c.
heuristic
d.
cognitive map
16. In the context of reinforcement theory, identify the type of schedules in which the amount of time that must pass
before a reward is given is constant over time.
a.
fixed interval schedules
b.
variable interval schedules
c.
fixed ratio schedules
d.
variable ratio schedules
17. Which of the following options reinforces behavior as a function of how many times it occurs?
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a.
Fixed interval schedule
b.
Variable interval schedule
c.
Continuous schedule
d.
Ratio schedule
18. In the context of reinforcement theory, schedules in which the amount of time that must pass before a reward is given
can change from one reward period to another are termed:
a.
fixed interval schedules.
b.
variable interval schedules.
c.
fixed ratio schedules.
d.
variable ratio schedules.
19. In the context of VIE theory, which of the following components refers to how attractive or unattractive an outcome is
for a person?
a.
expectancy
b.
instrumentality
c.
valence
d.
dissonance
20. Equity theory is useful to human resource managers because it:
a.
relies on intrinsic motivation rather than on extrinsic motivation.
b.
ensures that everyone shares equally in any outcomes regardless of their contributions.
c.
makes it clear that any rewards associated with effort or performance will be evaluated.
d.
focuses on what motivates a person, rather than on how that motivation occurs.
21. Which of the following process theories, usually associated with B. F. Skinner, proposes that all behavior is a function
of its consequences?
a.
Reinforcement theory
b.
ERG theory
c.
VIE theory
d.
Dual factor theory
22. When underpayment inequity is perceived, an employee will most likely:
a.
reduce his or her inputs.
b.
decrease his or her outcomes.
c.
feel that any effort will be fairly rewarded.
d.
exert effort at work.
23. Process theories of motivation _____.
a.
focus on how people become motivated and what they are motivated to do
b.
focus on what motivates a person
c.
explain all aspects of motivation
d.
suggest that methods such as reinforcement and punishment cannot be used to motivate people
24. In the context of reinforcement theory, who among the following writers has his or her work behavior reinforced using
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a fixed interval schedule?
a.
Walda, who is paid $100 every week irrespective of the number of articles she writes
b.
Zaiba, who is paid $30 for every five articles she writes
c.
Ben, for whom the duration between each payment varies depending on the project
d.
Ravi, for whom the number of articles to be completed in order to receive a payment varies depending on the
project
25. The assembly-line workers of Autowon Inc. petitioned the top management to provide basic amenities such as access
to potable water and a clean working environment. In the context of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, this scenario
illustrates the workers’ _____.
a.
physiological needs
b.
security needs
c.
social needs
d.
esteem needs
26. The process of generating new and useful ideas concerning new products, services, manufacturing methods, and
administrative processes is characterized as _____.
a.
valence
b.
dissonance
c.
instrumentality
d.
creativity
27. Which of the following statements is an important aspect of Clayton Alderfer’s ERG theory?
a.
In ERG theory, Abraham Maslow’s three categories of needs are expanded into five categories of needs.
b.
According to ERG theory, people always march neatly up the hierarchy of needs.
c.
According to ERG theory, only one level of need is capable of motivating behavior at any given time.
d.
In ERG theory, Clayton Alderfer allowed for multiple levels of needs being prepotent.
28. In Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following options include the need to have a positive view of
oneself?
a.
Physiological needs
b.
Security needs
c.
Social needs
d.
Esteem needs
29. In the context of reinforcement theory, identify the type of schedules in which the number of times a behavior must
occur before it is rewarded changes over time.
a.
Fixed interval schedules
b.
Variable interval schedules
c.
Fixed ratio schedules
d.
Variable ratio schedules
30. Which of the following statements is true of motivation?
a.
It excludes the direction in which a person’s effort will be exerted.
b.
A single proven model of motivation is guaranteed to work in all situations for all people.
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c.
It represents the forces operating on a person to exert effort in a specific direction.
d.
High levels of motivation can fully compensate for lower levels of ability in people.
31. In the context of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, who among the following individuals exhibits security needs?
a.
Denver, who cherishes having meaningful interactions and healthy relationships with his co–workers
b.
Ali, who expects his organization to provide him a pension plan to help him after his retirement
c.
Tara, who expects her organization to provide her with basic amenities such as potable drinking water
d.
Samantha, who wants to maintain a positive view of herself by improving her performance
32. In the context of reinforcement theory, which of the following statements is true of ratio schedules?
a.
They are less resistant to extinction than continuous schedules.
b.
They result in higher levels of behavior than do interval schedules.
c.
They result in lesser productivity than do interval schedules.
d.
They involve a shorter amount of learning time than continuous schedules.
33. Which of the following theories is derived from the fact that, in most modern organizations, the individuals who own a
firm do not actually run it on a daily basis?
a.
VIE theory
b.
Expectancy theory
c.
ERG theory
d.
Agency theory
34. In the context of agency theory, agents are more likely than principals to focus on:
a.
a long time horizon because they always work for a firm in the long run.
b.
a long time horizon because they have less information about the day-to-day business than do principals.
c.
a short time horizon because it is usually easier to affect firm performance in the short run.
d.
a short time horizon because it is easy for principals to monitor all the decisions made by the agents.
35. Identify a true statement about motivation and needs.
a.
Money has the potential to satisfy all the needs proposed by Maslow and Alderfer.
b.
Motivation at work is a small determinant of what will occur on the job.
c.
Need-based theories adequately explain human motivation and its causes.
d.
Most people fulfill their self-actualization needs by earning vast amounts of money.
36. In the context of agency theory, which of the following is a difference between agents and principals?
a.
Agents are the owners of a business, whereas principals are the managers of a business.
b.
Agents take risks when they make decisions, whereas principals do not take risks.
c.
Agents are less likely than principals to focus on a short time horizon.
d.
Agents often have more information about the day-to–day business than do principals.
37. In the context of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following best describes an individual’s self-
actualization need?
a.
The need for food or water
b.
The need to have a safe and secure environment
c.
The need to reach one’s personal potential
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d.
The need to have a positive view of oneself
38. Which of the following statements is true in the context of goal theory?
a.
Goal theory suggests that all goals are created equal.
b.
Difficult goals are preferable to easy goals.
c.
Goal theory suggests that employees are most motivated by vague and unspecific goals.
d.
Impossible goals are the most effective in motivating employees.
39. In the context of goal theory, who among the following managers is likely to motivate his or her employees the best?
a.
Pedro, who sets difficult and specific goals
b.
Samuel, who sets easy goals
c.
Ali, who sets vague and unspecific goals
d.
Shiv, who sets impossible goals
40. Which of the following statements is true of dual factor theory?
a.
It focuses on how a person becomes motivated to perform in a certain way.
b.
It is a process theory of motivation that has been empirically supported by many research studies across time.
c.
The research on dual factor theory provides concrete empirical support for the model.
d.
The motivator side of dual factor theory provides the basis for much of the work that has been done in the area
of job enrichment.
41. In the context of reinforcement theory, which of the following statements is true of fixed ratio schedules?
a.
They result in the lowest productivity.
b.
They are the least resistant to extinction.
c.
They produce less consistent levels of behavior than do variable ratio schedules.
d.
They result in lower levels of behavior than do fixed interval schedules.
42. Berta, the manager of an automobile showroom, announces a new scheme wherein the company offers an all-expenses
paid trip to the salesperson who sells the most number of cars in the next quarter. This inspires Berta’s subordinates to
work harder and improve their performance. In this scenario, Berta uses a(n) _____.
a.
intrinsic motivation technique
b.
counterconditioning technique
c.
countertransference technique
d.
positive reinforcement technique
43. Identify a true statement about motivation.
a.
Motivation at work is a critical determinant of what will occur on the job.
b.
Most theories of motivation are concerned primarily with intrinsic motivation.
c.
Intrinsic motivation increases when extrinsic rewards are introduced.
d.
Any level of performance on any task is solely a function of motivation.
44. In the context of need-based theories of motivation, which of the following theories involves two levels of needs and
allows for a person to regress from a higher-level need to a lower-level need?
a.
VIE theory
b.
ERG theory
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c.
Equity theory
d.
Reinforcement theory
45. In the context of reinforcement theory, which of the following statements is true of variable ratio schedules?
a.
They involve the shortest amount of learning time.
b.
They are the least resistant to extinction.
c.
They result in the highest productivity.
d.
They result in the lowest levels of behavior.
46. In the context of equity theory, an employee would be said to perceive underpayment inequity if his or her input–
outcome ratio:
a.
is less favorable than that of a comparison person.
b.
exceeds his or her expectation.
c.
is equal to that of a comparison person.
d.
meets his or her expectation.
47. Don, a sales clerk, believes that if he satisfies his customers’ needs based on the policies covered in his company’s
sales training seminar, his incentives would increase. In the context of VIE theory, Don’s belief illustrates _____.
a.
dissonance
b.
valence
c.
autonomy
d.
instrumentality
48. In the context of goal theory, which of the following is required for goals to be effective?
a.
Employees must not be involved in the goal-setting process.
b.
Employees must accept goals as their own.
c.
Goals should not be difficult and specific.
d.
Goals should be impossible in nature.
49. Ania is a management executive in a large technology corporation. Her ambition is to accept more challenges in her
work and prove herself valuable to the organization. She wants to achieve the top management position within a span of 5
years. According to Maslow‘s hierarchy of needs theory, which need does Ania display?
a.
Belongingness need
b.
Self-actualization need
c.
Physiological need
d.
Security need
50. Punishment and positive reinforcement work best when:
a.
intrinsic motivation is used.
b.
extinction is used.
c.
there is a strong link between behavior and consequences.
d.
a behavior is followed by no consequences.
51. Which of the following options refers to a person’s perception of the probability that an increase in effort will result in
an increase in performance?
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a.
Valence
b.
Instrumentality
c.
Expectancy
d.
Dissonance
52. Which of the following statements is true of equity theory?
a.
It is a need-based theory of motivation.
b.
It suggests that everyone calculates the ratio of inputs to outcomes.
c.
It focuses on what motivates a person, rather than on how that motivation occurs.
d.
It suggests that everyone shares equally in any outcomes regardless of their contributions.
53. In reinforcement theory, identify the schedule in which the number of times a behavior must occur before it is
rewarded remains constant over time.
a.
Fixed interval schedules
b.
Variable interval schedules
c.
Fixed ratio schedules
d.
Variable ratio schedules
54. Which of the following statements is true in the context of ERG theory?
a.
Clayton Alderfer suggested that people always march neatly up a hierarchy.
b.
ERG theory suggests that everyone is motivated by the same set of requirements at any one time.
c.
Clayton Alderfer allowed for multiple levels of needs being prepotent.
d.
ERG theory is concerned with how a person becomes motivated to perform in a certain way.
55. In the context of agency theory, identify a true statement about agents.
a.
They always behave in ways that are consistent with the goals of the owners.
b.
They have less information about the day-to-day business than do principals.
c.
They are less likely than principals to focus on a short time horizon.
d.
They are less likely than principals to take risks when they make decisions.
56. Which of the following statements is true of expectancy theory?
a.
It is a need-based theory of motivation.
b.
It is a simple theory from a cognitive perspective.
c.
It deals with the actual relationships between the components in the model.
d.
It is concerned with three components and the links among them.
57. Imagine a scenario where a man is stranded on a desert island. He first finds a source of potable water and some fruits
to eat. Only after his thirst and hunger are satisfied does he set about building a shelter for the night. Once the man has
met his physiological and security needs, he will set about searching for other people on the island. Which of the
following needs of the man stranded on a desert island does this scenario illustrate?
a.
Self-actualization needs
b.
Intrinsic motivation
c.
Creative behavior
d.
Prepotent needs
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58. Thomas, a kindergarten teacher, ignores his students’ bad conduct and rewards them when they are obedient. As a
result, they always listen to him and do as he says. In this scenario, Thomas is using a(n) _____.
a.
intrinsic motivation technique
b.
systematic desensitization technique
c.
free association technique
d.
behavior modification technique
59. Identify a true statement about goal theory.
a.
It posits that employees are most motivated by vague and unspecific goals.
b.
It posits that impossible goals are the most effective in motivating employees.
c.
It suggests that easy goals are preferable to difficult goals.
d.
It suggests that not all goals are created equal.
60. In the context of need-based theories of motivation, which of the following theories identifies motivators and hygiene
factors as two sets of conditions at work that can satisfy needs?
a.
Social learning theory
b.
Expectancy theory
c.
Dual factor theory
d.
Equity theory
61. Explain Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
62. In the context of reinforcement theory, differentiate between interval schedules and ratio schedules.
63. What is reinforcement theory?
64. Explain expectancy theory.
65. Explain creative behavior.
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52. b
53. c
54. c
55. d
56. d
57. d
58. d
59. d
60. c
61. Answers will vary. Probably the best known of the need-based theories, the hierarchy of needs model proposed by
Abraham Maslow specifies five levels of needs that are capable of motivating behavior: physiological, security, social,
esteem, and self-actualization. The lowest level of needs, labeled physiological needs, includes such things as the need for
food or water. The next level of needs, security needs, includes anything involving a safe and secure environment. This is
followed by social needs, which include the need to have meaningful interactions and relationships with others. Next
come esteem needs, which include the need to have a positive view of oneself, and finally self-actualization needs, or the
need to reach one’s personal potential. According to the model, only one level of need is capable of motivating behavior at
any given time. This level of need is said to be prepotent. Thus, if we are truly starving (rather than just in need of a
snack), we will not worry about shelter or other people until we get something to eat. See 13-2: Motivation and Needs
62. Answers will vary. Although rewards and punishment are most effective when they are administered following every
behavior (also referred to as continuous reinforcement), they can still work if they are administered at some times but not
others—that is, by partial reinforcement. Specifically, the rewards are administered on some schedule that dictates when
the reward is and is not administered. Interval schedules reinforce behavior as a function of the passage of time. A
schedule in which someone is rewarded every 10 minutes as long as they exhibit a desired behavior is an interval
schedule. A ratio schedule reinforces behavior as a function of how many times it occurs. For example, rewarding
someone every fifth time a desired behavior occurs would be an example of a ratio schedule. But in addition, the ratio or
the interval can either be fixed or variable; the number of times the behavior must be displayed or the amount of time that
must pass before a reward is given can be constant over time or it can change. See 13-3: Process Theories of Motivation
63. Answers will vary. Reinforcement theory is probably the most basic process theory. Reinforcement theory, usually
associated with B. F. Skinner, proposes that all behavior is a function of its consequences. The model has three
components: stimulus, response, and outcomes.
• The stimulus is something in the environment that cues us about a behavior. A bulletin board might advertise a
soft drink brand, and this stimulus might remind us we are thirsty and want to buy the beverage.
• The response is the behavior that we exhibit in reaction to the stimulus. In this case, it might involve going into a
store and buying the soft drink.
• The outcomes refer to the consequences that follow the response. So once we put a dollar in the machine, several
things might happen: The machine might reject the dollar and send it back out, the machine might take the dollar
and deposit a soft drink, or the machine might take the dollar and keep it without depositing the beverage.
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