44) The HR manager told Stella that the company pays the total health insurance costs for a family
of four. As a single woman, this benefit did not seem especially important to her right now. Here,
Stella is low on the ________ element of expectancy theory.
A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) valence
D) outcomes
E) significance
45) When using goal-setting theory to motivate employees, managers should
A) set targets that are beyond employees’ reach.
B) set goals that are easily achievable.
C) set general goals that are emotionally appealing.
D) hold employees responsible for getting feedback.
E) help workers understand and accept the goals.
46) Goal-setting theory suggests that employees can be motivated by goals that have all of the
following characteristics EXCEPT
A) specific.
B) achievable.
C) linked to an action plan.
D) little or no feedback.
E) challenging.
47) According to goal-setting theory, goal setting helps motivate you by doing all the following
EXCEPT
A) directing your attention.
B) increasing your persistence.
C) fostering the use of strategies and action plans.
D) regulating the effort expended.
E) taking attention away from real work.
48) Which of the following is the best statement of a goal?
A) Give your very best effort.
B) Get through most of those reports by 9/1.
C) Increase customer satisfaction.
D) Reduce production errors by 10 percent by the end of the quarter.
E) Be late to work less often.
49) Job ________ involves division of an organization’s work among its employees and applies
motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance.
A) enlargement
B) development
C) simplification
D) design
E) enrichment
50) Job ________ is the process of increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and
motivation.
A) rotation
B) design
C) development
D) enlargement
E) enrichment
51) Research shows that simplified jobs lead to all the following EXCEPT
A) job dissatisfaction.
B) poor mental health.
C) low sense of accomplishment.
D) low personal growth.
E) increased productivity.
52) Job ________ is the opposite of ________.
A) rotation; job focus
B) rotation; job enlargement
C) loading; job enrichment
D) enlargement; job enrichment
E) enlargement; scientific management
53) ________ is the process of building into a job such motivating factors as recognition and
achievement.
A) Vertical loading
B) Job enrichment
C) Job satisfaction
D) Job enlargement
E) Horizontal loading
54) Ethan’s job as an accounting assistant was recently modified to include reconciling bank
accounts and making deposits, two tasks previously done by the accounting manager. This
increase in responsibility would best be described as job
A) development.
B) enlargement.
C) satisficing.
D) enrichment.
E) design.
55) Of the following, which is NOT a core job characteristic?
A) autonomy
B) skill variety
C) task significance
D) teamwork
E) task identity
56) A technician who is responsible for keeping an airport’s control tower’s electronic equipment
in working order has higher ________ than a person welcoming you at a hotel.
A) task significance
B) autonomy
C) skill variety
D) feedback
E) task identity
57) ________ is the extent to which a job allows an employee to make decisions about scheduling
different tasks and deciding how to perform them.
A) Horizontal loading
B) Skill variety
C) Autonomy
D) Task significance
E) Task identity
58) Zoe runs a flower shop. She recently made some changes so that one employee answers
phones and completes the order and payment process, while another creates arrangements, and a
third packages and delivers floral arrangements. Previously, each employee was responsible for
the order from the phone call through the delivery. Zoe has made changes to
A) feedback.
B) autonomy.
C) task significance.
D) skill variety.
E) task identity.
59) As a maintenance person for the air force, Clint services aircraft engines, which protects the
lives and safety of military personnel and increases their ability to conduct missions. Clint’s job has
a high level of
A) task significance.
B) task identity.
C) skill variety.
D) autonomy.
E) feedback.
60) Which of the following is NOT a contingency factor in the job characteristics model?
A) autonomy
B) knowledge
C) skills
D) desire for personal growth
E) context satisfactions
61) When would you use a motivating potential score?
A) when using the reinforcement theory
B) when using McClelland’s acquired needs theory
C) when using the equity theory
D) when using goal-setting theory
E) when using the job characteristics model
62) ________ theory attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with
positive consequences tends to be repeated while behavior with negative consequences tends not
to be repeated.
A) Acquired needs
B) Equity
C) Expectancy
D) Reinforcement
E) Two-factor
63) ________ is the use of desirable consequences to strengthen a particular behavior.
A) Constructive feedback
B) Extinction
C) Intrinsic motivation
D) Negative reinforcement
E) Positive reinforcement
64) ________ is the process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative.
A) Negative reinforcement
B) Positive reinforcement
C) Extinction
D) Intrinsic motivation
E) Punishment
65) A supervisor told a salesperson who had not made any calls to clients and therefore did not
make quota, “Well, if this continues in the next 30 days, you’ll probably be let go.” The supervisor
provides an example of
A) negative reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) extinction.
D) intrinsic motivation.
E) positive reinforcement.
66) ________ is the weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced.
A) Positive reinforcement
B) Intrinsic motivation
C) Punishment
D) Extinction
E) Negative reinforcement
67) It has been two years since any employee has received a bonus at Cloud9, and the possibility of
getting one no longer seems to motivate employees. In this case, management has inadvertently
applied
A) expectancy.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) extinction.
E) punishment.
68) Iman’s manager, using ________, required him to give up his company car because he had
missed sales goals for four consecutive quarters.
A) punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive reinforcement
D) intrinsic motivation
E) feedback
69) In using reinforcement, a manager should
A) clearly communicate the desired behavior.
B) reward both desired and undesired behavior.
C) give all employees the same rewards to ensure fairness.
D) save rewards for weekly or monthly celebrations.
E) avoid using punishment.
70) When using punishment, a manager should
A) ignore undesirable behaviors.
B) save reprimands until the end of the workday, or preferably before a weekend.
C) make sure that other employees witness the punishment.
D) do it in conjunction with positive reinforcement.
E) punish even minor infractions, to appear consistent.
71) Which of the following criterion is NOT a characteristic of the best incentive plans?
A) believable and achievable rewards
B) measurable rewards linked to performance
C) monetary compensation to every employee
D) rewards satisfying individual needs
E) rewards agreed on by the manager and employees
72) A sales commission is an example of a ________ compensation plan.
A) pay-for-knowledge
B) profit-sharing
C) gainsharing
D) pay-for-performance
E) Scanlon
73) Armando has a summer job hand-dyeing shirts that will be sold on the boardwalk. He is paid
$5.00 per shirt. Armando is being paid on a ________ compensation plan.
A) profit-sharing
B) pay-for-knowledge
C) bonus
D) pay-for-performance
E) gainsharing
74) Meili’s employer distributes checks at the end of each quarter, representing an equitable
portion of 5 percent of the company’s pretax profits for the previous quarter. These are
________checks.
A) pay for performance
B) pay for knowledge
C) profit sharing
D) bonus
E) gainsharing
75) Due to changes in production, Hanson Steel gave each employee 75 percent of the cost
savings. Hanson Steel uses a ________ compensation plan.
A) pay-for-knowledge
B) pay-for-performance
C) benchmarking
D) gainsharing
E) profit-sharing
76) Because the production division at Ricklin’s Fences is $10,000 below budget due to process
improvements, this year 25 percent of the savings will be returned to the division to spend as
desired as a form of
A) pay for performance.
B) pay for knowledge.
C) gainsharing.
D) profit sharing.
E) stock options.
77) Levi teaches fourth grade at a local elementary school. He significantly increased his salary by
earning a master’s degree in education. Levi’s increased salary is an example of
A) pay for performance.
B) profit sharing.
C) a bonus.
D) pay for knowledge.
E) gainsharing.
78) Joyce would like to start working on a flexible schedule. Which is an option would Joyce NOT
discuss with her employer?
A) job sharing
B) sabbatical
C) telecommuting
D) part-time work
E) compressed workweeks
79) Each year Clifton Falls hosts retreats for organizations. They encourage employers to bring
their employees for single days, extended stays, or even full-weeks. Which of Maslow’s needs is
Clifton Falls helping employers to meet?
A) physiological
B) safety
C) love
D) esteem
E) self-actualization
80) Next semester Helen is planning to take a sabbatical to go to Sweden and study how they
utilize nature to teach preschoolers. It fascinates her to know that the children spend all day outside
and not in classrooms. Helen has achieved what level of Maslow’s hierarchy?
A) physiological
B) safety
C) love
D) esteem
E) self-actualization
81) Noreen likes it when her boss recognizes that she met the deadline and tried her best, even if
what she gave him was not exactly what he was expecting. Noreen is motivated by
A) a need for achievement.
B) intrinsic rewards.
C) a need for power.
D) self-determination.
E) a need for affiliation.