39. Which of the following terms is the belief that power and status differences should exist within the
organization?
a.
Extroversion
b.
Machiavellianism
c.
Authoritarianism
d.
Perceptual distortion
e.
Locus of control
40. Individuals high on authoritarianism have problems with
a.
power and toughness.
b.
use of subjective feelings.
c.
sticking to conventional values.
d.
obeying recognized authority above them.
e.
critically judging others.
41. Which of the following is defined as the tendency to direct much of one’s behavior toward the
acquisition of power and the manipulation of others for personal gain?
a.
Authoritarianism
b.
External locus of control
c.
Introversion characteristic
d.
Machiavellianism
e.
Organizational citizenship
42. Research shows that ____ are predisposed to being pragmatic, capable of lying to achieve personal
goals, more likely to win in win-lose situations, and more likely to persuade than be persuaded.
a.
high introverted individuals
b.
high authoritarians
c.
high Machs
d.
low extroverted individuals
e.
low Machs
43. ____ type people, according to Jung, would rather work with known facts and hard data and prefer
routine and order in gathering information.
a.
Feeling
b.
Gut-feel
c.
Intuitive
d.
Sensation
e.
Affective
44. Which of these styles, according to Jung, avoids specifics, decentralizes decision-making, and
develops few rules and regulations?
a.
Intuitive-feeling
b.
Sensation-thinking
c.
Intuitive-thinking
d.
Sensation-feeling
e.
None of these.
45. Which of these styles would likely be appropriate for a counseling job?
a.
Intuitive-feeling
b.
Sensation-thinking
c.
Intuitive-thinking
d.
Sensation-feeling
e.
None of these.
46. The extent to which a person’s ability and personality match the requirements of a job is called:
a.
person-environment fit
b.
person-requirement fit
c.
person-job fit
d.
employee-organization fit
e.
employee-environment fit
47. A widely used personality test that measures how people differ on all four of Jung’s sets of paired
opposites is the ____.
a.
Keirsey personality test
b.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
c.
Eysenck Personality Test
d.
Enneagram Personality Type Detector
e.
Oxford Capacity Analysis
48. The extent to which a person will fit into the overall organization is called:
a.
person-environment fit
b.
person-requirement fit
c.
person-job fit
d.
employee-organization fit
e.
employee-environment fit
49. Which of the following refers to a change in behavior or performance that occurs as the result of
experience?
a.
Stress
b.
Conceptualization
c.
Observation
d.
Learning
e.
Distortion
50. The four stages of the learning process include all of the following EXCEPT:
a.
concrete experience
b.
reflective observation
c.
abstract observation
d.
abstract conceptualization
e.
active experimentation
51. All of the following are fundamental learning styles labeled by researchers EXCEPT:
a.
Assimilator
b.
Disseminator
c.
Diverger
d.
Accommodator
e.
Converger
52. Which of the following describes a person with the learning characteristics of being good at generating
ideas and seeing a situation from multiple perspectives?
a.
Diverger
b.
Assimilator
c.
Converger
d.
Accommodator
e.
None of these
53. A person with the learning characteristics of being good at inductive reasoning and creating theoretical
models is a(n):
a.
diverger
b.
assimilator
c.
converger
d.
accommodator
e.
none of these
54. A person with the learning characteristics of being good at decisiveness and practical application of
ideas is a(n):
a.
diverger
b.
assimilator
c.
converger
d.
accommodator
e.
none of these
55. Which of the following describes a person with the learning characteristics of being good at
implementing decisions and carrying out plans?
a.
Diverger
b.
Assimilator
c.
Converger
d.
Accommodator
e.
None of these
56. Stress can be caused by
a.
task demands.
b.
role demands.
c.
interpersonal demands.
d.
physical demands.
e.
all of these.
57. Type A behavior pattern is characterized by all of these EXCEPT
a.
impatience.
b.
devotion to work.
c.
aggressiveness.
d.
relaxed lifestyle.
e.
extreme competitiveness.
58. Which of the following is the uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular
role?
a.
Role conflict
b.
Task overload
c.
Nonprogrammed decisions
d.
Role ambiguity
e.
Task underload
59. All of the following are things bad bosses do to create stress for their subordinates EXCEPT:
a.
Bully and harass people to keep them on their toes.
b.
Create perpetual doubt about how well employees are performing.
c.
Fail to give people credit for their contributions and achievements.
d.
Impose unreasonable demands and overwhelming workloads.
e.
Tell people exactly what is expected of them.
60. ____ is considered by many employees to be the most effective work-life practice.
a.
Daily flextime
b.
Offsite childcare
c.
Work from home network
d.
Telecommunication
e.
Reduced work schedule
61. An individual’s strong belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome is
referred to as:
a.
Locus of control
b.
Self-confidence
c.
Self-efficacy
d.
Perceptual selectivity
e.
Cognitive dissonance
62. The general assurance in one’s own ideas, judgment, and capabilities is referred to as:
a.
Locus of control
b.
Self-confidence
c.
Self-efficacy
d.
Perceptual selectivity
e.
Cognitive dissonance
63. William wakes up on Monday thinking, “I am going to get to work early this morning, get my tasks
done, and help my colleagues with their tasks.” This is an example of which attitude component?
a.
Cognition
b.
Affect
c.
Feeling
d.
Thought
e.
Behavior
64. All of the following are tactics for promoting stronger organizational commitment EXCEPT:
a.
Maintaining a secretive culture
b.
Being honest and trustworthy in business dealings
c.
Giving employees a say in business decisions
d.
Treating employees fairly
e.
Offering employees rewards that they value
65. When Sylvia receives her annual performance evaluation, she makes note of all of the positive
statements that her supervisor has made, but subconsciously overlooks a handful of negative
comments that are meant to help her improve in the future. This is a classic example of:
a.
The halo effect
b.
Stereotyping
c.
Low job satisfaction
d.
Perceptual selectivity
e.
Cognitive dissonance
66. __________ are errors in perceptual judgment that arise from inaccuracies in any part of the perceptual
process.
a.
Attributions
b.
Projected expressions
c.
Perceptual distortions
d.
Secondary perceptions
e.
Personality defenses
67. Ralph is a tireless workaholic who spends most of his time thinking about work, even when not at
work. He considers this to be the norm at his place of employment, and believes that his three
subordinates are equally committed to their jobs. This is an example of which perceptual distortion?
a.
Stereotyping
b.
Halo effect
c.
Perceptual defense
d.
Personality expression
e.
Projection
68. Frank regretfully missed an important deadline at work. His boss, George, thinks to himself, “Frank
missed that deadline because he is lazy; I really need to crack down on him more.” This is an
example of what kind of attribution?
a.
External attribution
b.
Internal attribution
c.
Horizontal attribution
d.
Vertical attribution
e.
Skewed attribution
69. Rachel is described by her colleagues as pragmatic, super-competitive, and more likely to persuade
than be persuaded. She fits which personality category most closely?
a.
High Mach
b.
Low Mach
c.
High Feeling
d.
Low Feeling
e.
Moderate Thinking
70. Maliah bases her judgments on impersonal analysis. To resolve problems at work, she uses reason
and logic rather than personal values or emotional aspects of the situation. In gathering information,
Maliah prefers routine and order. Based on this information, Maliah ranks highly in which
Myers-Briggs category?
a.
Judging-Perceiving
b.
Intuitive-Thinking
c.
Sensation-Thinking
d.
Sensation-Feeling
e.
Intuitive-Feeling
71. Henry, an easy-going and laid back individual, just accepted an attorney position at an elite law firm
that is known for its formal and authoritarian culture. What is the fit mismatch that Henry should be
concerned about?
a.
Person-job fit
b.
Task-role fit
c.
Job-environment fit
d.
Person-environment fit
e.
Role-person fit
72. When managers who express positive emotions such as happiness, enthusiasm, and appreciation
trigger these same positive emotions in employees, ___________ is happening.
a.
Perceptual selectivity
b.
Cognitive dissonance
c.
Contagious feeling
d.
Self-efficacy
e.
Emotion contagion
73. Seeking positions of power and responsibility, Chandra has rapidly moved up the ranks within her
organization. Colleagues describe her as someone with a tremendous amount of energy, and a
powerful force for leadership within the organization. Based on this description, Chandra has what
type of personality?
a.
Type A
b.
Type B
c.
Type C
d.
Type X
e.
Type Y
74. ________ conflict occurs when an individual perceives incompatible demands from others.
a.
Attitude
b.
Role
c.
Personality
d.
Perception
e.
Ability
CASE
Scenario – Layla Fox
Layla Fox is a creative, imaginative, artistically sensitive individual who loves to take on new
opportunities. She is a successful manager who believes that she makes her own destiny through hard
work and listening to people. Her personal problem solving style is intuitive-thinking.
1. Being a hard worker and a perfectionist, Layla believes that all her employees should be hard working
and perfectionists as well. This appears to be an error in which of these perceptual judgements?
a.
Stereotyping
b.
The halo effect
c.
Dissonance
d.
Perceptual defense
e.
Projection
2. Layla can best be described using which of these Big Five personality factors?
a.
Agreeableness
b.
Openness to experience
c.
Conscientiousness
d.
Extroversion
e.
Emotional stability
3. Layla appears to have a
a.
high external locus of control.
b.
high Mach personality.
c.
high authoritarian style.
d.
high internal locus of control.
e.
low extroversion characteristic.
4. Which of these occupations would Layla most likely succeed in based on her problem solving style?
a.
Counseling
b.
Advertising
c.
Teaching business
d.
Engineering
e.
Politics
COMPLETION
1. ____________________ is an interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of human attitudes,
behavior, and performance in organizations.
2. Work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization’s
success is referred to as ____________________.
3. A(n) ____________________ is an evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way.
4. The ____________________ component of an attitude includes the beliefs, opinions, and information
the person has about the object of the attitude, such as knowledge of what a job entails and opinions
about personal abilities.
5. A positive attitude toward one’s job is called ____________________.
6. Loyalty to and heavy involvement in one’s organization is called ____________________.
7. A condition in which two attitudes or a behavior and an attitude conflict is called
____________________.
8. The process people use to make sense of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting
information from the environment is referred to as ____________________.
9. ____________________ is the cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by
selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.
10. The ____________________ process occurs when individuals screen and select the various stimuli
that vie for their attention.
11. ____________________ is the process by which individuals screen and select the various objects and
stimuli that vie for their attention.
12. Errors in perceptual judgment that arise from inaccuracies in any part of the perception process are
called ____________________.
13. ____________________ is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then
attribute generalizations about the group to the individual.
14. An individual’s ____________________ is the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable
pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.
15. The ____________________ occurs when the perceiver develops an overall impression of a person or
situation based on one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable.
16. ____________________ is the tendency of perceivers to see their own personal traits in other people.
17. ____________________ is the tendency of perceivers to protect themselves against ideas, objects, or
people that are threatening.
18. ____________________ are judgments about what caused a person’s behavior-something about the
person or something about the situation.
19. The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another’s behavior and to
overestimate the influence of internal factors is called the ____________________.
20. ____________________ is the degree to which a person is able to get along with others by being
good-natured, cooperative, forgiving, understanding, and trusting.
21. The tendency to place the primary responsibility for one’s success or failure either within oneself
(internally) or on outside forces (externally) is called the ____________________.
22. ____________________ is the belief that power and status differences should exist within the
organization.
23. ____________________ is the tendency to direct much of one’s behavior toward the acquisition of
power and the manipulation of others for personal gain.
24. The ____________________ refers to the extent to which a person’s ability and personality match the
requirement of a job.
25. ____________________ is a change in behavior or performance that occurs as the result of
experience.
26. ____________________ is a behavior pattern characterized by extreme competitiveness, impatience,
aggressiveness, and devotion to work.
27. A physiological and emotional response to stimuli that place physical or psychological demands on an
individual is called ____________________.
28. Uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role is referred to as
____________________.
29. ____________________ are stressors arising from the tasks required of a person holding a particular
job.
30. ____________________ are stressors associated with relationships in the organization.
31. ____________________ means giving employees the freedom to vary their hours as needed.
ESSAY
1. Describe the different components of attitude using an example.
2. Briefly describe the perception process.
3. Define perceptual selectivity. Briefly explain the characteristics of the stimuli and the perceiver that
affect this process.
4. Describe any three common perceptual distortions that managers make. Give an example of each.
5. Describe the three factors that influence whether an attribution will be external or internal.
6. Explain the Big Five personality factors. Are these applicable in an international context?
7. What are the four components of emotional intelligence? Explain.
8. Describe Carl Jung’s four functions related to gathering and evaluating information for problem
solving and decision making. Which problem solving style would be appropriate for an Accounting
profession? Why?
9. Describe the learning process and the four-stage cycle of learning.
10. What are some of the ways enlightened companies are helping employees cope with stress.