Chapter 11—Dynamics of Behavior in Organizations
TRUE/FALSE
1. The concepts and principles of OB are important to managers because in every organization human
beings ultimately make the decisions that control how the organization will acquire and use resources.
2. Organizational behavior is an interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of how individuals and
groups tend to act in organizations.
3. Work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization‘s
success, refers to organizational achievement.
4. Job satisfaction is work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the
organization’s success.
5. One important step for managers is recognizing and understanding the components of attitudes, which
is important when attempting to change attitudes.
6. When Paul remarks, “I love my classes this semester,” it reflects the cognitive element of attitude.
7. As a general rule, changing one component of an attitude can contribute to an overall change in
attitude.
8. A positive attitude toward one’s job is called cognitive attitude.
9. The link between satisfaction and performance, according to research, is generally small and is
affected by other factors.
10. Organizations don’t want to lose talented, highly skilled workers, so they try to create an atmosphere of
job satisfaction.
11. Loyalty to and heavy involvement in one’s organization refers to organizational commitment.
12. A condition in which two attitudes or a behavior and an attitude conflict is called intra-organization
conflict.
13. Attribution is the cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting,
organizing, and interpreting information.
14. Organizing the selected data into patterns for interpretation and response is the last step in the
perception process.
15. The process by which individuals screen and select the various stimuli that vie for their attention refers
to stimulus selectivity.
16. Recency supports the old truism that first impressions really do count.
17. Proximity is the tendency to group sensory data because they are alike in some way.
18. A halo blinds the perceiver to other attributes that should be used in generating a more complete
assessment.
19. The tendency to see one’s own personal traits in other people refers to attribution.
20. From attributions viewpoint, if the behavior is in consensus, the perceiver will probably respond to
similar situations in the same way.
21. From attributions viewpoint, if the behavior is distinctive, the perceiver probably will make an internal
attribution.
22. When people give themselves too much credit for what they do well and give external forces too much
blame when they fail, this refers to the self-serving bias.
23. Agreeableness refers to the degree to which a person is sociable, talkative, assertive, and comfortable
with interpersonal relationships.
24. Teresa is highly imaginative and an artistically sensitive individual who displays a high degree of
creativity. According to the Big Five personality factors, these qualities describe her openness to
experience.
25. The degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, assertive, and comfortable with interpersonal
relationships is called extroversion.
26. The degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, assertive, and comfortable with interpersonal
relationships is called openness to experience.
27. The degree to which a person is able to get along with others by being good-natured, likable,
cooperative, forgiving, understanding, and trusting is agreeableness.
28. The degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving in ways that are responsible,
dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented is conscientiousness.
29. The degree to which a person is calm, enthusiastic, and self-confident, rather than tense, depressed,
moody, or insecure is emotional stability.
30. According to one recent book, the secret to success in work and life is likability.
31. Social awareness is the ability to connect to others, build positive relationships, respond to the
emotions of others, and influence others.
32. Self-management is being aware of what you are feeling.
33. People have a high external locus of control when they feel in control of their own fate.
34. People with an external locus of control are harder to motivate but easier to lead.
35. Authoritarianism is the belief that power and status differences should exist within the organization.
36. Machiavellianism is the tendency to direct much on one’s behavior toward the acquisition of power
and the manipulation of other people for purely personal gain.
37. Low Machs are particularly good in jobs that require bargaining skills or that involve substantial
rewards for winning.
38. According to Jung, people who would prefer to work with known facts and hard data and prefer
routine and order in gathering information are called intuitive-type people.
39. The Sensation-Thinking style prefers dealing with theoretical or technical problems.
40. Person-job fit is the extent to which a person’s ability and personality matches the requirements of a
job.
41. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a personality test that measures a person’s preference for
introversion vs. extroversion, sensation vs. intuition, thinking vs. feeling, and judging vs. perceiving.
42. Experience is the gradual change in behavior or performance that occurs as the result of learning.
43. A change in behavior or performance that occurs as the result of experience refers to learning.
44. Concrete experience is the first stage in the learning process cycle.
45. The second stage in the learning process cycle is a concrete experience.
46. Researchers have identified four fundamental learning styles labeled Diverger, Assimilator,
Converger, and Accommodator.
47. A person with a diverger learning style type is good at generating ideas and seeing a situation from
multiple perspectives.
48. A person with an assimilator learning style type is good at inductive reasoning and creating theoretical
models.
49. A person with a converger learning style type is good at generating ideas and seeing a situation from
multiple perspectives.
50. A person with an accommodator learning style type is good at implementing decisions and carrying
out plans.
51. According to research, an individual’s personality has no affect on how they respond to stressors.
52. When the level of stress is high relative to a person’s coping resources, stress can be a positive force,
stimulating desirable change and achievement.
53. Extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work are included in Type B
behavior pattern.
54. Role ambiguity is defined as uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular
role.
55. Enlightened companies support healthy habits to help people manage stress and be more productive.
56. Organizations that want to challenge their employees and stay competitive can easily be stress-free.
57. Daily flextime is considered by many employees to be the most effective work-life practice.
58. Locus of control refers to an individual’s belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific
task or outcome.
59. Self confidence refers to a general assurance in one’s own ideas, judgment, and capabilities.
60. Behavioral scientists consider attitudes to have three components: cognitions, affect, and behavior.
61. Organizational commitment refers to a positive attitude toward one’s job.
62. Recent surveys indicate that the majority of working individuals strongly trust in their top
management.
63. In general, people are more likely to notice a familiar voice than a stranger’s voice.
64. Perceptual defense is the tendency of perceivers to protect themselves against ideas, objects, or people
that are threatening.
65. Attitudes are judgments about what caused a person’s behavior.
66. An internal attribution says something about the situation has caused the person’s behavior.
67. People with an internal locus of control are easier to motivate because they believe the rewards are the
result of their behavior.
68. People with a judging preference enjoy ambiguity, dislike deadlines, and may change their minds
several times as they gather large amounts of data and information to make decisions.
69. An emotion can be thought of as a mental state that arises spontaneously within a person, based on
interaction with the environment rather than through conscious effort, and is often accompanied by
physiological changes or sensations.
70. Research finds that the emotion contagion phenomenon works for positive emotions but not for
negative emotions.
71. The ability to connect to others, build positive relationships, respond to the emotions of others, and
influence others is referred to as relationship management.
72. The first stage of the experiential learning cycle is reflecting on observations.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. An interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of how individuals and groups tend to act in
organizations is called
a.
sociology.
b.
vocational counseling.
c.
cultural anthropology.
d.
psychology.
e.
organizational behavior.
2. Which of the following refers to work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as
needed to the organization’s success?
a.
Job satisfaction
b.
Organizational citizenship
c.
Cognitive dissonance
d.
Job involvement
e.
Organizational Commitment
3. An evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way is called a(n)
a.
attitude.
b.
authoritarianism.
c.
perception.
d.
projection.
e.
personality.
4. The ____ is the beliefs, opinions, and information a person has about the object of an attitude.
a.
affective component
b.
feeling component
c.
cognitive component
d.
behavioral component
e.
dissonance aspect of attitude
5. When Bonnie remarks that she loves the classes she is taking this semester, it refers to which
component of attitude?
a.
Knowledge
b.
Behavior
c.
Dissonance
d.
Affect
e.
Cognitions
6. Kendall, a senior at Morgan University, believes that it is okay to get at “B” but more important to
learn in a class than get an easy “A” without learning. Kendall’s belief reflects which component of
attitude?
a.
Behavior
b.
Affect
c.
Dissonance
d.
Feeling
e.
Cognitions
7. ____ refers to a positive attitude toward one’s job.
a.
Organizational citizenship
b.
Job satisfaction
c.
Cognitive dissonance
d.
Organizational commitment
e.
Job involvement
8. People generally experience ____ when their work matches their needs and interests, when working
conditions and rewards (such as pay) are satisfactory, and when the employees like their co-workers.
a.
job involvement
b.
extroversion
c.
cognitive dissonance
d.
Machiavellianism
e.
job satisfaction
9. Research shows that the link between ____ and ____ is small and is influenced by other factors.
a.
satisfaction; performance
b.
stress; work
c.
stress; home
d.
stress; performance
e.
satisfaction; personality
10. ____ refers to loyalty to the heavy involvement in the organization.
a.
Organization citizenship
b.
Job satisfaction
c.
Dissonance
d.
Organizational commitment
e.
Job involvement
11. ____ is defined as a positive attitude toward one’s job.
a.
Occupation approval
b.
Career fulfillment
c.
Job satisfaction
d.
Organizational happiness
e.
Organizational commitment
12. Roy is a top executive at a cigarette manufacturing company who believes that cigarettes are
dangerous products and they kill people. This condition can be described as
a.
job involvement.
b.
extroversion.
c.
cognitive dissonance.
d.
Machiavellianism.
e.
job satisfaction.
13. The cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and
interpreting information is called
a.
selective retention.
b.
dissonance.
c.
attitude.
d.
perception.
e.
personality.
14. Which of the following describes the last step in the perception process?
a.
Observing information
b.
Screening the information
c.
Selecting what to process
d.
Organizing the selected data into patterns
e.
Transmitting the observed information
15. ____ is the process by which individuals screen and select the various objects and stimuli that vie for
their attention.
a.
Person-job fit
b.
Perceptual selectivity
c.
Organizational citizenry
d.
Projection
e.
Perceptual grouping
16. ____ supports the old truism that first impressions are important.
a.
Contrast
b.
Values and beliefs
c.
Primacy
d.
Personality
e.
Recency
17. Doug wants to look his best when he goes for interviewing. He is focusing on which of these
perceiver’s characteristics?
a.
Contrast
b.
Personality
c.
Needs and motivation
d.
Primacy
e.
Recency
18. Which of the following is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then to
attribute widely held generalizations about the group to the individual?
a.
Stereotyping
b.
Projection
c.
Figure-ground
d.
The halo effect
e.
Perceptual defense
19. An overall impression of a person or situation based on one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable,
is an example of
a.
projection.
b.
the halo effect.
c.
perceptual defense.
d.
stereotyping.
e.
attribution.
20. Josh evaluates Kandi’s performance and gives her an “outstanding” based on his knowledge that she
came to work everyday earlier than anyone else and therefore she is extremely hardworking. Josh is
making which of these errors in perceptual judgment?
a.
Perceptual defense
b.
Projection
c.
Stereotyping
d.
The halo effect
e.
Figure-ground
21. Which of the following refers to the tendency to see one’s own personal traits in other people?
a.
Perceptual defense
b.
Projection
c.
Stereotyping
d.
The halo effect
e.
Figure-ground
22. ____ describes a person who has observed others handle situations in the same way he would.
a.
Distinctiveness
b.
Consensus
c.
Consistency
d.
Conscientiousness
e.
Agreeableness
23. The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another’s behavior and to
overestimate the influence of internal factors is called
a.
perceptual distortion.
b.
closure activity.
c.
the fundamental attribution error.
d.
stereotyping.
e.
perceptual grouping.
24. The tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one’s successes and the
contribution of external factors to one’s failures is a result of
a.
self-serving bias.
b.
openness to experience.
c.
over stability.
d.
emotional plateau.
e.
Machiavellianism.
25. ____ refers to the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response
to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.
a.
Dissonance
b.
Personality
c.
Halo effect
d.
Attitude
e.
Perception
26. The Big Five personality factors includes all of these EXCEPT
a.
extroversion.
b.
conscientiousness.
c.
emotional stability.
d.
locus of control.
e.
agreeableness.
27. Bernice is a talkative, assertive, and sociable individual who is very comfortable with interpersonal
relationships. This describes which quality of Bernice?
a.
Machiavellianism
b.
Conscientiousness
c.
Agreeableness
d.
Emotional stability
e.
Extroversion
28. Jay is a trusting and forgiving individual who gets along with others because of being good-natured
and cooperative. This describes which of the Big Five personality factors?
a.
Agreeableness
b.
Conscientiousness
c.
Emotional stability
d.
Openness to experience
e.
Extroversion
29. Which of the following refers to the degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving
in ways that are responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented?
a.
Agreeableness
b.
Conscientiousness
c.
Emotional stability
d.
Openness to experience
e.
Extroversion
30. If Ben is tense, nervous, depressed and insecure, he would tend to be rated as low on which of these
factors?
a.
Agreeableness
b.
Conscientiousness
c.
Emotional stability
d.
Openness to experience
e.
Extroversion
31. Canyon River, Inc. is looking for an individual who has a broad range of interests and is imaginative,
creative, artistically sensitive, and willing to consider new ideas. Which of these factors are they
emphasizing in their search?
a.
Agreeableness
b.
Conscientiousness
c.
Emotional stability
d.
Openness to experience
e.
Extroversion
32. Traits of ____ seem to be particularly important in today’s collaborative organizations.
a.
likability
b.
agreeableness
c.
friendliness
d.
openness
e.
sociability
33. Managing emotion is a basic component of emotional intelligence. Which of the following best
describes managing emotions?
a.
It is the basis for all the other components; being aware of what you are feeling.
b.
It is the ability to balance one’s moods so that worry, anxiety, fear, or anger do not cloud
thinking.
c.
It is the ability to be hopeful and to persist in the face of obstacles.
d.
It is the ability to be able to put yourself in someone else’s shoes.
e.
It is the ability to connect to others and build positive relationships.
34. A high degree of ____ means you can accurately assess your own strengths and limitations and have a
healthy sense of self-confidence.
a.
self-management
b.
social cohesiveness
c.
social awareness
d.
relationship management
e.
self-awareness
35. Which of the following refers to the tendency to place the primary responsibility for one’s success or
failure either within oneself or on outside forces?
a.
Machiavellianism
b.
Emotional stability
c.
Locus of control
d.
Authoritarianism
e.
Extroversion
36. Individuals who believe that they control their own destiny are described as having a
a.
high external locus of control.
b.
high Mach personality.
c.
low introversion characteristic.
d.
high internal locus of control.
e.
low Mach personality.
37. Jason has been unemployed for three months. When his wife asked him why he was not looking for a
job, Jason responded, “If I am lucky, I will get my old job back.” Jason would be considered as having
a(n)
a.
external locus of control.
b.
high conscientiousness.
c.
sensation and intuition type personality.
d.
internal locus of control.
e.
high Mach attitude.
38. People with an external locus of control are
a.
more achievement oriented.
b.
better able to handle complex information and problem solving.
c.
more independent.
d.
easier to motivate.
e.
easier to lead.