Chapter 11: Employee Benefits
decisions will yield greater pension payments than mediocre or poor decisions).
Under the defined benefit plan, retiree risk is largely limited to whether the fund is properly funded and
To make it easier to accommodate the individual needs of different employees, a wide range of organizations
have begun offering flexible benefits plans, also known as cafeteria plans. Rather than one-size-fits-all plans,
these plans allow individual employees to choose the benefits that are best suited to their particular needs.
They also prevent certain benefits from being wasted on employees who have no need for them. Furthermore,
companies realize they can get a better return on investment by tailoring benefits to an employee’s stage of life
or family status. For example, younger employees can select a more comprehensive family health plan or
dental insurance, while older employees can spend their benefits dollars on improved retirement or disability
coverage. In short, a cafeteria plan allows benefits dollars to be spent in a more satisfying and cost-effective
manner.
134. Describe employer costs by explaining where each dollar of employee compensation is spent.
Employee compensation is divided between wages and benefits, and benefits can represent more than 50
percent of the total payroll costs. On average, though, wages generally account for 69 cents of each dollar, and
benefits the other 31. Benefits are, on average, broken down as follows:
Retirement and savings: 4.5%
Supplemental pay: 2.3%
Paid leave: 7%
Health, life, and disability insurance: 8.8%
Legally required benefits: 7.8%
135. Describe the requirements and provisions of the Family and Medical Leave Act.
Under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), all employers with 50 or more employees during 20 or
more calendar workweeks, in the current or proceeding year, must provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave in a
12-month period for a serious health condition affecting the employee’s family. Reasons include, but are not
limited to, birth or adoption of a child, care of spouse, child, or parent, or serious health condition affecting the
employee. Upon return to work, the employee must be restored to his/her original job, or an equivalent job in
terms of pay, benefits, and terms of employment.
The employer may provide paid leave but is not required to. The employee should provide 30 days notice for
leave request when foreseeable.
136. Describe some of the ways employers have been trying to contain health insurance costs.
Employer efforts have focused on two areas. First, employers have altered medical coverages so that
employees either share more of the costs or have to better document the need for particular treatments.
Examples of this type of effort include higher co–payments, reductions in coverages, larger deductibles,
required second opinions, and preadmission hurdles for hospital admissions (see HRM 5 for a detailed list).
Second, employers are enlisting health systems that potentially help control costs. Examples of these efforts
include the negotiation of advantageous contracts with health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and
preferred provider organizations (PPOs). Finally, employers are incorporating various consumer-driven health
plans.
137. Compare and contrast the risks to the employee in regard to defined contribution and defined benefit pension plans.
In a defined benefit pension plan, retiring employees are guaranteed a particular payment level (the retirement
benefit is “defined”). However, in a defined contribution pension plan, the only guarantee to employees is that
the employer will contribute a set dollar amount on their behalf to the pension plan (the contribution is
“defined”). While the pension benefits under a defined benefit plan are fixed, the pension benefits of the
defined contribution plan vary according to the success of the plan’s investments (superior investment