44) According to Festinger, how people deal with cognitive dissonance depends on three factors.
Which are the correct three factors?
A) importance, control, and rewards
B) control, bias, and personality
C) personality, decision making, and judgment
D) decision making, situation, and bias
E) situation, self-awareness, and control
45) ________ is the process of interpreting and understanding one’s environment.
A) Self-awareness
B) Self-management
C) Perception
D) Self-monitoring
E) Openness to experience
46) Which of the following is NOT a step in the perceptual process?
A) causal attribution
B) retrieval from memory
C) selective attention
D) interpretation and evaluation
E) storing in memory
47) Which of the following is NOT a distortion in perception?
A) causal attribution
B) stereotyping
C) halo effect
D) recency effect
E) cognitive dissonance
48) ________ is the tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics one believes are
typical of the group to which that individual belongs.
A) Stereotyping
B) Selective perception
C) Self-serving bias
D) Attribution
E) The halo effect
49) Timothy was hiring a new financial analyst, and he had several good candidates. He was
leaning toward hiring Jade, a Japanese American woman, because he thinks Asians are better at
math. Timothy is exhibiting which distortion in perception?
A) racism
B) recency effect
C) stereotyping
D) Pygmalion effect
E) self-serving bias
50) ________ occurs when we form an impression of an individual based on a single trait.
A) The recency effect
B) A self-fulfilling prophecy
C) Fundamental attribution error
D) Self-serving bias
E) The halo effect
51) ________ is the tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information.
A) Stereotyping
B) Self-serving bias
C) Fundamental attribution bias
D) Selective perception
E) The recency effect
52) ________ is the tendency to attribute another person’s behavior to his or her personal
characteristics rather than to the situation the person is in.
A) The halo effect
B) Fundamental attribution bias
C) Self-serving bias
D) Selective perception
E) Stereotyping
53) Because she beat her goal this year by nearly 30 percent, Helena has been telling everyone in
the sales department of her incredible skill as a salesperson. But last year when she didn’t even
reach her goal, she said her failure was due to the poor economy. Helena provides an example of
A) the halo effect.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) fundamental attribution bias.
D) selective perception error.
E) self-serving bias.
54) A waitress assumes a group of poorly dressed customers to be ungenerous tippers. She doesn’t
pay much attention to them during their meal, forgets to bring their drinks, and doesn’t ask if they
want dessert. In the end, she gets the result that she expects, a very small tip. This is an example of
A) the halo effect.
B) selective perception error.
C) fundamental attribution bias.
D) self-serving bias.
E) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
55) ________ is the extent to which employees have positive or negative feelings about various
aspects of their work.
A) Job involvement
B) Job satisfaction
C) Organizational commitment
D) Job performance
E) Job enrichment
56) Alicia really doesn’t like her new boss and is not happy with the new tasks she‘s been assigned
and the long hours she’s been working. Still, she truly believes in what the company is trying to
accomplish. Alicia has
A) poor job performance.
B) low job satisfaction.
C) low organizational commitment.
D) poor job enrichment.
E) low job involvement.
57) If a person is satisfied with their job, which of the following may NOT be reduced?
A) workload
B) absenteeism
C) turnover
D) stress
E) tardiness
58) Stark Industries was just rated number one for job satisfaction on a survey compiled by an
outside entity. The report cited that employees at Stark Industries had a strong ________ and
reported low levels of ________.
A) job involvement; work–life balance
B) organizational commitment; perceived stress
C) motivation; life satisfaction
D) perceived stress; life satisfaction
E) perceived stress; absenteeism
59) ________ is the extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed
to its goals.
A) Job involvement
B) Job performance
C) Job satisfaction
D) Organizational commitment
E) Job enrichment
60) ________ programs help employees integrate and transition to a new job.
A) Organizational citizenship
B) Employee assistance
C) Attribution
D) Onboarding
E) Proactive
61) An employee’s ________ behavior helps the employee exceed the work-role requirements for
the job.
A) counterproductive work
B) halo effect
C) organizational citizenship
D) self-efficacy
E) proactive
62) Anastasia impressed her boss by making many suggestions for department improvements and
by putting in many weekend hours to do extra tasks to develop the new procedures. Anastasia is
exhibiting
A) self-efficacy.
B) onboarding traits.
C) the halo effect.
D) organizational citizenship behavior.
E) counterproductive work behavior.
63) Absenteeism, drug and alcohol abuse, and disciplinary problems are examples of
A) organizational citizenship behaviors.
B) self-efficacy.
C) causal attribution.
D) self-serving bias.
E) counterproductive work behaviors.
64) ________ represent(s) all the ways people are unlike and alike.
A) Lifestyle
B) Dimensions
C) Diversity
D) Conditions
E) Background
65) Which of the following is NOT one of the four layers of the diversity wheel?
A) organizational dimensions
B) external dimensions
C) internal dimensions
D) management status
E) personality
66) ________ is at the center of the diversity wheel.
A) Philosophy
B) Philanthropy
C) Perception
D) Personality
E) Psychology
67) Organizational dimensions, the outer layer of the diversity wheel, include all of the following
EXCEPT
A) management status.
B) union affiliation.
C) seniority.
D) work location.
E) ethnicity.
68) Which of the following dimensions is NOT an example of an external or secondary dimension
on the diversity wheel?
A) religion
B) income
C) geographic location
D) seniority
E) personal habits
69) Which of the following dimensions is an example of an organizational dimension on the
diversity wheel?
A) income
B) volunteer experience
C) educational background
D) union affiliation
E) physical abilities
70) Which of the following diversity issues is true in the U.S. workforce?
A) Gay and bisexual male workers earn 10 percent to 32 percent more than equally qualified
heterosexual counterparts.
B) Literacy has ceased to be an issue among American workers.
C) The median age of the American worker is at its lowest level in history.
D) People of color have hit the glass ceiling, with whites holding more of the managerial and
professional jobs.
E) Workers ages 55 and older are expected to make up over one-half of the labor force in 2024.
71) Which of the following is a common reason that some women face a glass ceiling?
A) poor goal setting
B) inability to motivate others
C) lack of mentors
D) poor financial performance
E) inability to produce high-quality work
72) The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers to
A) hire all qualified persons with disabilities who apply.
B) actively solicit job applications from persons with disabilities.
C) hire quotas of qualified persons with disabilities.
D) reasonably accommodate an individual’s disability.
E) hire persons with disabilities to qualify for tax breaks.
73) Kwan has a Master’s degree in psychology, but he is working at a sunglasses cart in the mall.
He is currently experiencing
A) reverse discrimination.
B) the glass ceiling.
C) attribution.
D) underemployment.
E) overemployment.
74) ________ is the belief that one’s native country, culture, language, abilities, or behavior is
superior to those of another culture.
A) Reverse discrimination
B) Stereotyping
C) An ethical dilemma
D) Ethnocentrism
E) Diversity
75) Investors who are more likely to buy a stock if they see something about it in the news or if it
has a high one-day return are experiencing
A) an ethical dilemma.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) the recency effect.
D) reverse discrimination.
E) self-serving bias.
76) ________ is the tension people feel when they are facing or enduring extraordinary demands,
constraints, or opportunities and are uncertain about their ability to handle them effectively.
A) Apprehension
B) Role conflict
C) Stress
D) Role overload
E) Anxiety
77) An example of ________ would be when a manager expects employees to perform badly, they
probably will, and when the manager expects them to perform well, they probably will.
A) a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) the recency effect
C) self-serving bias
D) stereotyping
E) employee engagement
78) When others’ expectations exceed one’s ability, ________ occurs.
A) burnout
B) learned helplessness
C) role overload
D) role conflict
E) role ambiguity
79) Charles has important clients in town who want to have dinner, but his mother has a plumbing
leak and has asked him to come over and shut off the water until she can get it fixed tomorrow.
Charles is experiencing
A) role ambiguity.
B) burnout.
C) learned helplessness.
D) role conflict.
E) role overload.
80) While a moderate amount of stress can have some health and behavioral benefits, excess stress
can reveal itself in all of the following ways EXCEPT
A) insomnia.
B) slurred speech.
C) hostility.
D) alcohol abuse.
E) heart attack.
81) ________ is a state of emotional, mental, and even physical exhaustion, expressed as
listlessness, indifference, or frustration.
A) Eustress
B) Distress
C) Burnout
D) Role overload
E) Role ambiguity
82) Jenn switched jobs to one that was within a half mile of her home and she could walk on most
days. After about three months, her new boss announced the company was moving 15 miles
outside the city. This would mean that Jenn would now have an hour and half commute that
involved a subway and two busses. Her stressor would be considered a
A) negative stressor.
B) strong stressor.
C) crises.
D) hassle.
E) positive stressor.
83) A(n) ________ program includes plans to help employees cope with stress, burnout, substance
abuse, health problems, and family issues that influence job performance.
A) holistic wellness
B) employee assistance
C) counterproductive behavior
D) employee engagement
E) career counseling