Multiple Choice
1. _____ is defined as the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways.
a.
Motivation
b.
Management
c.
Attribution
d.
Personality
e.
Contribution
2. _____, used to determine individual performance, can be challenging for a manager to impart in an employee.
a.
Ability
b.
Motivation
c.
Work environment
d.
Skills
e.
Needs
behavior is a complex phenomenon.
Moderate
p. 295
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3. Madeline works at a local retail store. She feels that she is being underpaid in spite of her job performance. She
motivates herself to improve her performance to get the due recognition she deserves. Madeline’s motivation is due to a
_____.
a.
need deficiency
b.
negative reinforcement
c.
low performance-to-outcome expectancy
d.
dissatisfaction of physiological needs
a
Motivation is the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways.
Easy
p. 294
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e.
need for belongingness
4. According to the motivation framework, after a worker notices an unfilled need, the next step is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
look for ways to satisfy that need.
p. 295
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5. Under which of the following circumstances will an employee feel a need deficiency?
a.
When she feels that her tasks are challenging
b.
When she receives recognition for a job well done
c.
When she feels she is underpaid
d.
When she is motivated to perform a job
e.
When she attains self-actualization
p. 295
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6. Which of the following perspectives on motivation concerns “what” motivates people rather than “how” they are
motivated?
a.
Reinforcement
b.
Process
c.
Content
d.
Equity
e.
Expectancy
c
Content perspectives address the question “What factors in the workplace motivate people?”
Easy
p. 295
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7. Which of the following factors would be included in Maslow’s physiological needs category?
a.
Air
b.
Job stability
c.
Safety
d.
Recognition
e.
Self-image
a
Easy
p. 296
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8. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, once an individual has satisfied his physiological needs, he turns his focus
towards _____ needs.
a.
survival needs
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b.
esteem
c.
belongingness
d.
security
e.
self-actualization
9. Organizations provide adequate wages, comfortable temperatures, restrooms, ventilation, etc. as a means to address the
_____ needs of its employees.
a.
esteem
b.
belongingness
c.
self-actualization
d.
security
e.
physiological
Easy
p. 296
10. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, the need to have a safe physical and emotional environment is a(n) _____ need.
a.
esteem
b.
physiological
c.
psychological
d.
security
e.
social
Easy
p. 296
11. When a manager tries to encourage social interaction among his subordinates, he is trying to address their need for
_____.
a.
belongingness
b.
esteem
c.
security
d.
physiological
e.
self-actualization
a
Moderate
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12. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, when a satisfaction of security needs is achieved an individual is typically
concerned with a need for _____.
a.
self-actualization
b.
recognition
c.
physiology
d.
belongingness
e.
positive self-image
Easy
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Easy
p. 296
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13. Martha is given a new cabin and a new job title as recognition for her accomplishment over her years of service to the
organization. She is satisfied with the recognition and respect from her colleagues. This portrays that the organization is
addressing her _____ needs.
a.
esteem
b.
psychological
c.
security
d.
physiology
e.
self-actualization
a
Challenging
p. 297
14. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, _____ needs include the need that people have for respect and recognition.
a.
achievement
b.
security
c.
self-actualization
d.
belongingness
e.
esteem
e
Easy
p. 297
15. _____ needs in Maslow’s hierarchy involve realizing one’s potential for continued growth and individual
development.
a.
Esteem
b.
Social
c.
Self-actualization
d.
Security
e.
Physiological
16. Brenda, a senior engineer at Machineworks Inc., sets herself difficult goals and assumes personal responsibility for the
performance of her subordinates. Brenda most likely has a high need for _____.
a.
achievement
b.
affiliation
c.
esteem
d.
security
e.
potential
Challenging
p. 298
17. A construction worker injured on the job is on convalescent time-off for five weeks. She has a desire to get back to
work and achieve her goals more effectively than she has done in the past. This portrays her need for _____.
a.
esteem
b.
power
c.
affiliation
d.
security
e.
achievement
e
c
Easy
p. 297
18. In expectancy theory, raises, promotions, stress and resentment are all _____ of an individual’s behaviors.
a.
factors
b.
motivations
c.
reinforcements
d.
outcomes
e.
valences
Moderate
p. 300
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19. Amelia believes that if she tries hard to eliminate distractions and concentrate on her work, she will learn to do her job
more efficiently. Amelia has:
a.
low effort-to-performance expectancy.
b.
moderate performance-to-outcome expectancy.
c.
low performance-to-outcome expectancy.
d.
high effort-to-performance expectancy.
e.
moderate effort-to-performance expectancy.
Challenging
p. 300
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Challenging
p. 298
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20. Neal works for the state of Vermont. He perceives that his union will protect him from getting fired, but the only way
he will get promoted is if the person above him retires or dies. He has
a.
low effort-to-performance expectancy, and low performance-to-outcome expectancy.
b.
low effort-to-performance expectancy, and high performance-to-outcome expectancy.
c.
high effort-to-performance expectancy, and low performance-to-outcome expectancy.
d.
high effort-to-performance expectancy, and high performance-to-outcome expectancy.
e.
zero valence.
a
Challenging
p. 300
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21. A manager expends extra effort because she has been told that she will get a $50,000 bonus if her team meets their
quota. She also feels stress because she has been informed that she will be put on probation if she does not get her team to
perform above last year’s total. Which of the following does this scenario illustrate?
a.
Equity theory
b.
Maslow’s esteem needs
c.
Two-factor theory
d.
Performance-to-outcome expectancy
e.
The Porter-Lawler extension
Challenging
p. 301
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22. Which of the following motivational theories is based on the idea that employees compare the treatment they receive
relative to others’ treatment in order to determine if they are being treated fairly?
Process Perspectives on Motivation
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a.
Expectancy theory
b.
Reinforcement theory
c.
Equity theory
d.
Hierarchy of needs theory
e.
Two-factor theory
23. Which of the following is a process perspective on motivation?
a.
Maslow’s need hierarchy
b.
McClelland’s work on need for power
c.
McClelland’s work on need for achievement
d.
Two-factor theory
e.
Equity theory
p. 299
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24. What is the most important idea for managers to remember from equity theory?
a.
People who feel underrewarded may try to decrease the inequity by increasing their inputs.
b.
Employees must receive equal rewards irrespective of their overall performance.
c.
For rewards to motivate employees, employees must perceive them as being fair.
d.
Employees must consider their inputs equal to the inputs of their colleagues.
e.
Employees must consider their outcomes equal to the outcomes of their colleagues.
Equity is an individual’s belief that he is receiving a fair reward compared to others.
p. 302
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25. Ana is a police detective. She believes that she is just as good a detective as her male counterparts. Because she is
female, many of her counterparts assume that she will type up their reports as well as her own. She has been doing this
typing for a while and is increasingly feeling underrewarded for her efforts. In terms of _____, she will decrease her
inputs by refusing to do additional work and try to reduce the gap between work and rewards.
a.
expectancy theory
b.
reinforcement theory
c.
equity theory
d.
hierarchy of needs theory
e.
two-factor theory
by reducing her inputs.
p. 302
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26. Brianna’s employer has announced a goal of getting workers to live a healthier lifestyle. Because of this, Brianna has
improved the foods she eats and is getting more physical activity. Which attribute of the expanded goal-setting theory best
portrays this example?
a.
goal specificity
b.
goal acceptance
c.
goal satisfaction
d.
goal congruity
e.
goal difficulty
p. 302
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27. Tyler is the marketing manager at MarketAds Inc., and Emily is an account manager reporting to him. Tyler instructs
Emily to improve public opinion. The goal that Emily was given lacks goal _____.
a.
specificity
b.
acceptance
c.
conformity
d.
congruity
e.
difficulty
a
Challenging
p. 303
28. Workers at Windlock Works Inc. were instructed by their supervisor to increase productivity to 350 percent in the next
three months. The workers are most likely to be challenged by goal _____.
a.
specificity
b.
acceptance
c.
conformity
d.
congruity
e.
difficulty
e
Challenging
p. 303
Challenging
p. 304
29. Leo showed up late for a meeting. His boss ignored it. She was using _____ as reinforcement.
a.
avoidance
b.
extinction
c.
positive reinforcement
d.
punishment
e.
distortion
weaken undesired behaviors by simply ignoring them.
Moderate
p. 306
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30. Jaime, who works at Minlog Inc., maintains punctuality to avoid a loss of pay. Jaime’s behavior is strengthened
through _____.
a.
avoidance
b.
extinction
c.
positive reinforcement
d.
punishment
e.
distortion
a
This method of reinforcement is referred to as avoidance.
Moderate
p. 304
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31. Justin is rewarded a significant pay raise for his contributions to the organization. This motivates him to put in more
hard work and better performances. The organization has used _____ to strengthen his behavior.
a.
Avoidance
b.
Extinction
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c.
Positive reinforcement
d.
Punishment
e.
Distortion
32. Employees at GreenTech Inc. complete their schedules on time as every hour they take in excess may lead to a
corresponding loss of pay. Their behaviors are strengthened through _____.
a.
Avoidance
b.
Extinction
c.
Positive reinforcement
d.
Punishment
e.
Incentives
a
Challenging
p. 304
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33. Monthly paychecks are examples of reinforcements provided at a _____ schedule.
a.
Random
b.
Fixed-interval
c.
Fixed-ratio
d.
Variable-ratio
e.
Variable-interval
schedule.
c
Challenging
p. 304
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34. Which of the following reinforcement schedules offers a worker the least incentive to do good work?
a.
Fixed-interval
b.
Fixed-ratio
c.
Variable-interval
d.
Variable-ratio
e.
Continuous
a
The fixed-interval schedule offers a worker the least incentive to do good work.
Easy
p. 306
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35. Which of the following reinforcement methods can be used to weaken behaviors?
a.
Recognition
b.
Avoidance
c.
Extinction
d.
Participation
e.
Pay raises
c
Easy
p. 306
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Moderate
p. 306
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36. Clara plays offensive pranks at her workplace, which were so far encouraged by her colleagues. To make sure that she
does not repeat such behaviors, managers at the organization instruct her colleagues to ignore her actions. The
reinforcement method adopted by the organization is _____.
a.
Recognition
b.
Punishment
c.
Avoidance
d.
Extinction
e.
Pay raises
37. Alberto complimented Daniel on his project updates two weeks in a row. Then he waited a month to compliment him
again. Not knowing when Alberto will drop by for inspection, Daniel keeps his projects updated regularly. What
reinforcement schedule is he using?
a.
Fixed-interval
b.
Fixed-ratio
c.
Variable-interval
d.
Variable-ratio
e.
Fixed-variable
c
Challenging
p. 306
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38. A popular retail outlet provides its salespersons a small bonus for every sale that exceeds a $50 bill amount. The type
of reinforcement used here is _____.
a.
Fixed-ratio
b.
Fixed-interval
c.
Variable-interval
Challenging
p. 306
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d.
Variable-ratio
e.
Fixed-variable
39. When a subordinate has outstanding performance and his or her supervisor publicly praises it, the supervisor is using:
a.
positive reinforcement.
b.
punishment.
c.
avoidance.
d.
extinction.
e.
an intrinsic reward.
a
Moderate
p. 304
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40. Every alternate day, quality control inspectors at McHeinz Inc. randomly select items from an assembly line for
inspection, and compliment the workers for every product that meets their expectations on quality. However, they vary the
number of items they inspect each time.This motivates the employees to put in more effort to ensure that all the items are
of the required quality. What reinforcement schedule are the quality control inspectors using?
a.
Variable-interval
b.
Variable-fixed
c.
Fixed-ratio
d.
Fixed-interval
e.
Variable-ratio
e
a
p. 306
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41. A manager who provides reinforcement on a periodic basis, regardless of behavior, is using a _____ schedule.
a.
variable-interval
b.
variable-fixed
c.
fixed-ratio
d.
fixed-interval
e.
variable-ratio
Moderate
p. 306
42. If one wants to maintain an employee’s behavior at a high level with variations in the level of behavior irrespective of
the time interval, which of the following schedules of reinforcement would be most successful?
a.
Fixed-interval
b.
Fixed-ratio
c.
Variable-interval
d.
Variable-ratio
e.
Continuous
Moderate
p. 306
Challenging
p. 306
43. A manager who provides reinforcement on the basis of a particular number of behaviors, rather than on the basis of
time is using a(n) _____ schedule.
a.
fixed-ratio
b.
fixed-interval
c.
variable-interval
d.
variable-ratio
e.
interval-ratio
a
the time that elapses between behaviors.
Moderate
p. 306
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44. Which of the following programs applies the concepts of reinforcement theory?
a.
Modified workweek
b.
Work redesign
c.
Organizational behavior modification
d.
Attribution theory
e.
Two-factor theory
c
Easy
p. 307
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45. _____ represents an important method that managers can use to enhance employee motivation.
a.
Punishment
b.
Extinction
c.
Absenteeism
d.
Turnover
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e.
Empowerment
46. Windmere allows its administrative employees to arrive any time between 7:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m., and to leave any
time between 4:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m., as long as they work an eight-hour day. This arrangement is known as _____.
a.
empowerment
b.
compressed work schedule
c.
a nine-eighty schedule
d.
flextime
e.
traditional schedule
Easy
p. 309
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47. Cheri and Aaron both wanted to work part-time, and they found a lawyer who was willing to split one full-time
paralegal job between the two of them so that Cheri works mornings and Aaron works afternoons. This arrangement is
known as _____.
a.
flextime
b.
participation
c.
OB Mod
d.
job sharing
e.
reinforcement
full-time job.
Easy
e
Easy
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