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279. In analyzing the differences among Theories X, Y, and Z managers, it is appropriate to
assess that:
280. Reflecting upon the differences in Type J and Type A work environments, which of the
following statements is fundamental to Type J?
281. ____________ is based on the notion that setting ambitious but attainable goals will
improve motivation and performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and
facilitated by organizational conditions.
282. Management by objectives was developed by:
283. The purpose of management by objectives is to:
284. ________ is a system of goal setting and implementation that involves a cycle of
discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle managers, supervisors,
and employees.
285. Management by objectives is most effective in organizations that:
286. ________ means to work with a subordinate, doing part of the work if necessary.
287. ________ means acting as a resource to a subordinate by teaching, guiding and making
recommendations, without actively doing any of the subordinate's work.
288. According to __________ the amount of effort employees devote to a task depends on
their expectations of the outcome.
289. According to Victor Vroom, which of the following questions is an employee likely to ask
before deciding to exert his or her maximum effort toward completing a task?
290. Researchers David Nadler and Edward Lawler suggest that in order to use expectancy
theory to improve worker motivation, the first thing managers should do is:
291. According to expectancy theory, the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task
depends on their:
292. _________ theory is based on the idea that managers can use both rewards and
punishments to motivate employee behavior.
293. Reprimands, pay reductions, and suspensions are all examples of:
294. Equity theory states that employees will perform well if they:
295. According to equity theory, employees are likely to ask:
296. The basic principle of equity theory is that employees try to:
297. Inequity in the workplace is likely to result in:
298. Equity judgments are based on:
299. A problem with equity judgments is that employees often ________ their own
contributions to the success of a business.
300. According to goal-setting theory, in order for goals to enhance motivation and
performance they must be:
301. One implication of goal-setting theory is that goals should be:
302. A central characteristic of
management by objectives
is that:
303. One of the reasons
management by objectives
is an effective way to implement the ideas
of goal-setting theory is that it:
304. Which of the following statements would a proponent of management by objectives likely
make?
305. Which of the following would be most closely tied to the idea that employee motivation
requires that the rewards for completing a task are sufficient to justify the effort?
306. Expectancy theory suggests that managers attempting to improve employee performance
would be well advised to:
307. A key idea in reinforcement theory is that:
308. According to equity theory, which of the following statements is most accurate?
309. The best remedy for staving off perceptions of inequity is:
310. Dane works as a sales representative for the Better Butter Company. He is about to meet
with his manager to review his progress toward meeting the sales objectives they agreed to at
the beginning of the year. Dane likes the fact that managers at Better Butter listen to their
subordinates' ideas and get everyone involved in setting goals and objectives. Dane's experience
suggests that Better Butter is utilizing:
