Managing Human Behavior in Public and Nonprofit Organizations | 4th edition
Robert B. Denhardt • Janet V. Denhardt • Maria P. Aristigueta
Sage 2015
Test Bank | Chapter 6
Motivation and Engagement
Multiple Choice
1. Projection is a mental process in which we:
A) Attribute or assign our own feelings, motives, or qualities to other people
B) Chart the feelings, motives, or qualities of other people
C) Ignore the feelings, motives, or qualities of other people
D) Influence the feelings, motives or qualities of other people
2. Which of the following is not as assumption of Theory X?
A) People are resistant to change
B) Workers lack ambition
C) Workers are basically gullible and not bright
D) Workers are creative
3. Motivation can be defined as the cause that:
A) Makes people achieve the impossible
B) Enables people to achieve beyond their normal means
C) Makes people do what they do
D) Disables people from making mistakes
4. Theory X is based on ______________ assumptions about worker motivations.
A) Conventional
B) Non-conventional
C) Modernistic
D) Reformatory
5. Theory Y assumptions require __________ to accept responsibility for arranging
organizational conditions and methods of operation so that people can achieve their own goals
best by directing their own efforts toward organizational objectives.
A) Management
B) Manager
C) Staff
D) Worker
6. “Self-actualization” is the _________ category in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
A) Lowest
B) Third
C) Fifth
D) Highest
7. McGregor’s suggested strategies that can be considered consistent with Theory Y assumptions
are:
A) Delegation, job enlargement, and participative management
B) Delegation, job creation, and leadership
C) Job creation, leadership, and change management
D) Job enlargement, change management, and delegation
8. Which of the following is a category in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A) Physiological needs
B) Psychological needs
C) Psychosomatic needs
D) Psychophysical needs
9. Aldefer suggested that Maslow’s hierarchy may be collapsed from five levels to three types of
needs:
A) Existence, relatedness, and dynamism
B) Existence, relatedness, and growth
C) Dynamism, relatedness, and growth
D) Existence, creation, and dynamism
10. The two-factor motivation-hygiene theory was proposed by:
A) Maslow
B) Herzberg
C) Aldefer
D) Juran
11. McClelland found that those with high achievement needs perform better when they are
working on ______________ tasks, want feedback on how well they are doing, and take
personal responsibility for their ___________.
A) Moderately difficult; performance
B) Extremely difficult; motivation
C) Easy; motivation
D) Easy; performance
12. According to Vroom, there are three concepts important to understanding human motivation:
A) Balance, expectations, and drive
B) Valence, expectancy, and force
C) Tolerance, opportunity, and growth
D) Temptation, control, and pressure
13. Porter and Lawler refined Vroom’s model to suggest that, although employee effort is
determined by both the value placed on certain outcomes and the degree to which people believe
that their efforts will lead to these rewards, effort does not always lead to task accomplishment.
They suggested that two other factors need to be considered:
A) Employee opportunity and employee growth
B) Organizational ability and structural role
C) Employee ability and role clarity
D) Employee ability and organizational clarity
14. Theory Y is based on the recognition that people need opportunities at work to satisfy not
only lower-level needs for wages and decent working conditions, but also:
A) Higher-level social and ego needs
B) Recognition of a job well done
C) A reward system that goes beyond such means
D) Higher-level needs for self-actualization
15. Much of the theoretical base of the field of organizational behavior assumes that behavior is:
A) Classifiable in categories
B) Manipulated if the causes are understood clearly
C) Purposeful or goal directed
D) Dependent on motivational levels
16. People with high self-efficacy tend to:
A) Set reasonable goals and exceed expectations
B) Set high personal goals and to perform well
C) Set achievable goals and share their accomplishments
D) Set high goals and consistently do not achieve them
17. Equity theories present a model of motivation based on the notion of:
A) Organizational structure
B) Social exchange
C) Political relationships and ambiguity
D) Equitable relief
18. The “equity norm” suggests that those who contribute more to an organization should
receive:
A) More rewards than their colleagues
B) Less rewards than their colleagues
C) Same rewards as their colleagues
D) Equitable relief
19. According to the equity theory, motivation is a consequence of:
A) Perceived equity
B) Perceived equitable relief
C) Perceived inequity
D) None of the above
20. Mowday suggested that equity theories can also be applied to _________ exchange
relationships in organizations.
A) Social
B) Political
C) Economical
D) Cultural
21. Performance is a function of which of the following:
A) Motivation to perform, ability to perform, and opportunity to perform
B) Motivation to perform, energy to perform, and one’s state of mind
C) Ability to perform, opportunity to perform, and energy to perform
D) One’s state of mind, motivation to perform, and ability to perform
22. Which of the following are general components of motivation:
A) Individual differences, the actual job one does, and the organization
B) The organization, the actual job one does, and personal values
C) Being proactive, a challenging job, and the culture of the organization
D) None of the above
23. Which of the following are perspectives of motivation:
A) Need theories, expectancy theories, goal-setting theories, and equity theories
B) Equity theories, need theories, equality theories, and goal-setting theories
C) Need theories, expectancy theories, manipulation theories, and goal-setting theories
D) Equity theories, equality theories, need theories, and expectancy theories
24. Trust in all major institutions, such as business, labor, and government has:
A) Decreased substantially over the last decades
B) Increased substantially over the last decades
C) Increased slightly over the last decades
D) Stayed the same over the last decades
25. Which of the following can you do as a manager to increase trust and engagement with
employees?
A) Increase employee decision making
B) Have a high degree of caring and compassion for employees
C) Be transparent in decision making
D) All of the above
True/False
26. Likert argued that an overall philosophy of management that emphasizes a participative
approach is positively related to employee motivation and performance.
27. Participation influences motivation because it reduces the amount of information that people
have on the expected outcomes of performance.
28. Job satisfaction and overall motivation for employees are only influenced by factors directly
related to the work.
29. Baby boomers grew up in the post-WWII era, with general prosperity. They represent the
largest generational group in the workplace and tend to embrace change and personal growth and
to question rules.
30. Millennials (or generation “Ý”) are “the most educated, well-traveled, and technologically
sophisticated generation.” This is a generation that “works to live rather than lives to work.”
31. Public service motivation may be understood as an individual’s predisposition to respond to
motives grounded primarily or uniquely in public institutions and organizations.
32. Public service motivation and goal theories of motivation may be considered interrelated.
33. Picoeconomics is a theory that emphasizes the idea that when people make decisions, they
tend to overestimate the value of benefits that will occur in the future.
34. TMT is short for “temporal motivation theory” and relates the expectancy of a person that a
particular action will be rewarded, and the amount of the payout that will be received, with how
long that person is willing to wait to receive the expected payout.
35. Goal setting and expectancy theories are compatible approaches to increasing motivation.
36. Job satisfaction is the feeling one has about one’s job.
37. The satisfaction of lower-level needs, called hygiene or extrinsic factors, does not lead to
motivation.
Essay
38. Explain TMT and how it relates to the concepts in Maslow’s needs-hierarchy.
39. Maslow’s needs-hierarchy is still relevant in the 21st century. Do you agree or disagree with
this statement? Be sure to illustrate your discussion with relevant examples.
40. Compare Theory X and Theory Y and how they affect the modern workforce from Gen-X
and Gen-Y.
41. Discuss Marcum’s arguments on the flaws in motivational theories.
42. Classify the various theories on motivation and provide reasoning for the classification.
43. What are the factors that are considered drivers of productivity and performance.