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For purposes of defamation, a publication includes non-written, verbal communication
to third parties.
Most forms of speech are protected by the strict or exacting scrutiny standard.
Ricardo posts a sign in the neighborhood offering $50 for the return of his Saint
Bernard. Alicia, who knows nothing of the reward, finds the dog and returns it to
Ricardo. Alicia is entitled to the reward.
Many jurisdictions now require all sellers of residential property to disclose hidden
defects that materially affect the property's value if reasonable examination would not
reveal such defects.
Property insurance may be either a valued policy or an open policy.
