In order to be sufficient, an agreement required to be written under the statute of frauds
must be signed at the bottom and notarized.
Scienter is the element of fraud that requires that the misrepresentation must have been
known by the one making it to be false, although it need not have been made with an
intent to deceive.
Quiang’s mortgage contract contains a provision that default on an installment makes
the entire unpaid balance of the debt immediately due, permitting foreclosure. Such a
provision is illegal and cannot be enforced.
The Commerce Clause allows the federal government to invalidate state laws that
burden interstate commerce.