The crime problem within the United States in comparison to other countries is one of
a. property crimes
b. sexual assaults
c. lethal violence
d. drug use
Denying voting rights to convicted offenders may keep them from
a. reducing their likelihood of recidivism
b. holding political office
c. fully reintegrating into the community
d. engaging in the restorative justice process
For what reason was the 1970 District of Columbia preventive detention law rarely
used?
a. it was found to be unconstitutional within the first year that it was implemented
b. federal prosecutors chose not to use it and continued setting high bail for defendants
they wanted to detain
c. bleeding heart judges continued to release defendants without prosecuting and
punishing them
d. it was actually used extensively and resulted in a major increase in our nation’s prison
population
Select the most accurate statement regarding crime committed by felony defendants in
large urban counties who are released prior to trial.
a. 10% were rearrested for a misdemeanor
b. 11% were rearrested for a felony
c. 60% were rearrested for a felony
d. 45% were rearrested for a misdemeanor
The wars on crime and drugs has disproportionally affected
a. younger Latino female population
b. older White middle class
c. young African American males
d. lower class Whites
The most current reforms to the Rockefeller drug law impacted penalties in various
ways, including ALL BUT WHICH of the following?
a. eliminated mandatory sentencing for certain classes of first time drug-related felonies
b. allowed for resentencing of certain offenders incarcerated for drug-related offenses
c. allowed judges to sentence those convicted to probation or alternative treatment
programs
d. mandated the incarceration of all persons convicted of felony drug offenses
The most immediate needs for juvenile runaways and throwaways are
a. treatment for alcohol or drug abuse and food
b. shelter and food
c. protection from crime and psychological intervention
d. family intervention and police protection
Why has the DARE program been a stable anti-drug educational program?
a. it relies primarily on information dissemination
b. it effectively reduces long-term drug use
c. it is popular with parents, politicians and the police
d. it relies on the most effective teaching method
e. all of the above
In Booth v. Maryland the court
a. reversed a death sentence because of statements read to the jury about the victim
b. declared the reading of statements to the jury about the victim constitutional
c. ruled that victim-impact statements were not unconstitutional
d. ruled that victim-impact statements were constitutional
We can reasonably conclude that legalization of drugs will lead to a reduction in what
type of drug crime?
a. drug-defined
b. drug-related
c. crimes associated with drug use
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Evaluations of crime in cities that have banned possession of handguns have found
a. both violent and property crime declined as a result
b. no conclusive evidence regarding the impact of the laws
c. more crimes were committed with rifles and shotguns
d. no cities have actually banned possession of handguns
A study of habeas corpus petitions found that
a. they represented 4% of the civil court case filings in U.S. District Courts
b. the most frequent claim was ineffective assistance of counsel
c. only 1% of them succeeded
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Changing the legitimacy of the police system is important because
a. it is commonly viewed as overburdened and poorly functioning
b. the police system has the worst reputation of any part of the CJS
c. police corruption is widespread
d. it is the most visible component of the CJS
Over the past fifty years, arrests for public drunkenness, disorderly conduct, and
vagrancy
a. have contributed substantially to crime declines in New York City
b. have been completely eliminated
c. have been on the upswing in large urban areas
d. have been de-emphasized by police
Karel’s legalization proposal includes the maintenance of which drug(s) as completely
illegal?
a. crack and PCP
b. coca leaves
c. psychedelic drugs
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
A short burst of intensive law enforcement, involving many arrests, directed toward a
particular area or a particular crime is known as what?
a. problem-oriented policing
b. Crackdown
c. SMART policing
d. Deterrent
Broad, “get tough” policies that have proved ineffective in reducing crime and assisting
victims include
a. sex offender registration and notification laws
b. repealing the exclusionary rule
c. preventive detention
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
The exclusionary rule was established in which Supreme Court case?
a. United States v. Leon
b. Miranda v. Arizona
c. Mapp v. Ohio
d. New York v. Quarles
Our high incarceration rate in the U.S. is mainly the result of
a. our high rates of violent crime and severe treatment of these offenders
b. our tendency to send convicted offenders to prison
c. our tendency to reject fewer cases involving African American
d. our high rates of plea bargaining
Data on evasion of the law in drunk driving cases shows that
a. it is more common among prosecutors than judges
b. evasions may be deliberate or unintentional
c. evasion of drunk driving laws is universal
d. evasion does not occur
The process of using one prosecutor to charge a defendant and then passing the case
onto another prosecutor to try the case is called
a. original defense c. vertical prosecution
b. horizontal prosecution d. affirmative defense
What characteristics do cases in the top layer of the wedding cake share?
a. they are all serious felonies committed with a weapon and resulting in injury to the
victim
b. they are part of the largest volume of cases and are not considered worth much to the
courtroom workgroup
c. these are all cases where a prior relationship exists between the victim and the
offender
d. they involve a famous person, a gruesome crime, or result in landmark Supreme
Court rulings
What impact do celebrated cases have on public perceptions?
a. educational, because they teach the public about routine case processing by the CJS
b. sentimental, because the public feels badly for the poor and minority offenders thrust
in front of television cameras on a regular basis
c. distorted, because people mistakenly assume they are typical of all cases when they
are not
d. none, because the public realize that these are atypical cases and that is what makes
them newsworthy
The gun show loophole is actually a small loophole because
a. in most states, it is illegal to sell guns at gun shows
b. people with a criminal history are barred from gun shows
c. most dealers at gun shows have FFLs
d. 45 states require background checks of gun purchasers at gun shows
One of the criticisms against electronic monitoring is that
a. it promotes net widening
b. few offenders actually complete the program
c. it allows dangerous offenders to be prey upon innocent citizens
d. the cost savings are small because a tiny proportion of all offenders are in electronic
monitoring programs
Problems of crackdowns noted in the chapter include which of the following?
a. they have been found to actually decrease deterrence
b. they do not achieve the goals of community policing
c. they are unfocused and encourage police misconduct
d. they are expensive and do not result in more arrests
Deterrence requires which of the following factors?
a. legitimate opportunities and serious penalties
b. perceived threat and rational decision-making
c. quick positive feedback and slow negative feedback
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Traditionally, identification of repeat offenders was based on
a. guesses that took seriousness and prior record into consideration
b. finger prints and intensive surveillance
c. prediction instruments based on characteristics of at-risk kids
d. amount of time spent in jails in prisons
AIDS education programs have been effective with _____(1)_____ but ineffective with
younger gay males and ____(2)_____ with concern to unsafe sexual encounters.
a. (1) adult gay men (2) the underclass
b. (1) female teenagers (2) adult gay men
c. (1) needle-drug users (2) female teenagers
d. (1) needle-drug users (2) the underclass
The Drug Abuse Warning Network collects data from
a. a self-report of high school seniors
b. a nationally representative sample of persons 12 years old and older
c. emergency room visits
d. urine specimens of parolees
The most serious and disturbing problem with drug treatment programs is
a. high rates of relapse
b. clients who complete them are just as likely to use drugs
c. they are expensive to implement
d. determining how lengthy they should be
The war on terrorism has affected community policing innovations by
a. refocusing the attention of the police departments
b. increasing the use of weapons by both civilians and police
c. giving units more staff members
d. improving the police’s efforts to target certain criminals
The Justice Reinvestment Initiative brings together several strands of thinking,
including
a. that parole is inefficient and poorly managed
b. that our policy of mass incarceration is characterized by severe racial disparities
c. that only “locking up” criminals will reduce crime
d. that longer prison terms will better reduce crime
Research supports that there is a direct causal link between crime and drugs.
Identify and assess the impact of restrictions on offenders’ post-release success.
Evaluations of boot camps have found positive long-term changes in behaviors.
Passive electronic monitoring involves the use of ankle bracelets.
Eighty-five percent of dismissals lead to the defendant’s leaving the criminal justice
system.
Felony suspects are typically young, well educated, and savvy at manipulating
bureaucracies.
Interdiction efforts seek to stop the flow of drugs into the country while eradication
deals with reducing production of drug plants in the field.
The most important strategy for improving police-citizen encounters is to reduce police
use of deadly force and use of excessive physical force.
Martinson’s report does not meet the current standards of evidence-based crime policy
analysis.
Describe how the going rate in the U.S. is similar to and different from that in other
countries.
America has two crime problems: one problem affects the poor minority inner-city
population while the other affects the poor rural white population.
Drug courts specialize in handling only offenders with substance abuse problems by
sentencing them to jail rather than a long prison term.
Prison industries have provided meaningful work for inmates.
The “pulling levers” strategy has been shown to be effective in deterring crime because
it is focused on select targets.
The procedural justice perspective says that people are motivated primarily by fear of
punishment.
Crime control policies have traditionally relied on external authority, such as law
enforcement and punitive sentence, but procedural justice policies seek to cultivate
internally based voluntary obligation