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A 2000 study by Columbia Law School professors James S. Liebman, Jeffrey
Fagan, and Simon H. Rifkind examined 4,578 death-penalty cases in state and federal
courts from 1973 to 1995.
Jails that are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local
jurisdictions are called ________.
a. direct-supervision jails
b. county jails
c. regional jails
d. jail boot camps
Which of the following Supreme Court cases determined that "inadvertence" is no
longer a necessary condition to ensure the legitimacy of seizure under the plain-view
doctrine?
a. Illinois v. Krull
b. Maryland v. Garrison
c. Horton v. California
d. Chimel v. California
Which of the following sentences is not an example of an intermediate sanction?
a. shock incarceration
b. house arrest with electronic monitoring
c. intensive probation
d. 30 days in jail
Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole?
a. increased use of community services
b. reduced risk of criminal socialization
c. increased employment
d. relative lack of punishment
Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions of her probation include: maintain
employment, possess no firearm, obey all laws, and meet with her probation officer
biweekly. These ________ conditions apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where
she was sentenced.
a. specific
b. special
c. general
d. binding
Which type of a defense is used when a defense attorney claims that the defendant's
actions were necessary to ensure his or her safety?
a. entrapment
b. self-defense
c. alibi
d. consent
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using probation instead of
imprisonment?
a. lowers cost
b. increases employment opportunities for offenders
c. increases the likelihood that restitution will be paid
d. provides the offender with many opportunities to interact with other convicted
offenders
Which of the following advocates would support the protection of personal freedoms
and civil rights?
a. crime-control advocates
b. states'-rights advocates
c. public-order advocates
d. individual-rights advocates
Bob consigned all of his stock holdings to the court as collateral against pretrial flight.
What type of bail did he post?
a. unsecured bond
b. signature bond
c. deposit bail
d. property bond
Police"community relations (PCR) as a police practice ________.
a. recognizes that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve
b. emphasizes the need for less citizen participation in law enforcement
c. emerged during the 1930s
d. has been used exclusively in metropolitan areas
Which of the following refers to ultra-high-security prisons?
a. U.S. penitentiaries
b. administrative maximum
c. federal correctional institutions
d. federal prison camps
How many institutions are there in the federal prison system?
a. 209
b. 103
c. 50
d. 75
What is the final stage in a juvenile case?
a. the petition
b. intake
c. adjudication
d. dispositional hearing
If the first court in which a juvenile case appears is a juvenile court, the juvenile court is
said to have ________ jurisdiction.
a. concurrent
b. original
c. exclusive
d. mandatory
What name is most closely associated with the concept of "policing styles"?
a. J. Edgar Hoover
b. Egon Bittner
c. James Q. Wilson
d. Jerome Skolnick
Which of the following is NOT a form of structured sentencing?
a. presumptive
b. determinate
c. quasi-independent
d. voluntary/advisory
In Samson v. California the U.S. Supreme Court held that ________.
a. parolees have the same Fourth Amendment rights to be free from unreasonable
search and seizure as any citizen
b. a parole officer may conduct a warrantless search of a parolee's person, but not his or
her home
c. a parolee may not be searched without suspicion of criminal wrongdoing
d. the police may search a parolee for the sole reason that he or she is on parole
In the criminal justice process, a(n) ________ has to occur before a(n) ________ can
take place.
a. arrest; booking
b. appearance; investigation
c. sentence; trial
d. warrant; arraignment
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the U.S. Supreme Court?
a. The U.S. Supreme Court justices serve for eight years.
b. The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest federal court.
c. The U.S. Supreme Court consists of nine justices.
d. The U.S. Supreme Court wields immense power.
The American criminal justice process begins with ________.
a. warrant
b. indictment
c. investigation
d. arraignment
Juvenile detention facilities tend to ________.
a. have educational programs that are better than those on the outside
b. provide very good health care
c. be overcrowded
d. have good to excellent security
Which of the following violations is NOT a misdemeanor?
a. disturbing the peace
b. being disorderly in public
c. simple assault
d. robbery
One example of violent crime is ________.
a. motor vehicle theft
b. burglary
c. forcible rape
d. larceny-theft
Which of the following statistics accurately describes today's prison population?
a. About 90% of state prisoners are dependent on drugs.
b. About 75% of state prisoners have mental health problem.
c. About 68% of state prisoners lack a high school diploma.
d. About 80% of state prisoners are functionally illiterate.
Which of the following terms means procedural fairness?
a. case process
b. due process
c. justice process
d. adversarial process
The document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent is called
a(n) ________.
a. disposition
b. adjudication
c. writ of certiorari
d. petition
Juries in most states are composed of how many members?
a. 12
b. 23
c. 6
d. 8
The killing of four or more victims at one location within one event is termed as
________.
a. serial killing
b. involuntary manslaughter
c. second-degree murder
d. mass murder
In juvenile court, a juvenile petition is similar to a ________ in adult court.
a. verdict
b. criminal complaint
c. warrant
d. waiver
Nonforcible rape with a victim younger than the age of consent is generally defined as
________.
a. sexual attack
b. date rape
c. statutory rape
d. sexual battery
Which of the following witnesses provides information about the personality, family
life, business acumen, and so on of the defendant in an effort to show that this is not the
kind of person who would commit the crime with which he or she is charged?
a. character witnesses
b. secure witnesses
c. eyewitnesses
d. expert witnesses
Most hate crimes are motivated by ________.
a. national origin
b. religious bias
c. sexual orientation
d. racial hatred
Which of the following is an example of a biological weapon?
a. sonic weapons
b. flash guns
c. pepper spray
d. anthrax
Revocation of probation or parole ________.
a. requires the concurrence of an appellate court judge
b. is not governed by any particular due process requirement
c. requires a hearing to determine if the conditions of probation or parole were violated
d. can be enacted merely on a decision made by the probationer's or parolee's probation
or parole officer
In 2003, the U.S. Department of Justice, in conjunction with other federal agencies,
initiated funding for 89 reentry sites across the country under the Serious and Violent
Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI). Define and comment on the three phases of the
SVORI initiative and the target populations they are geared towards.
Compare and contrast the consensus and conflict models found in the criminal justice
system.
Defendants have the constitutional right to represent themselves.
A written document describing the losses, suffering, and trauma experienced by the
crime victim or by the victim's survivors is known as a victim-impact statement.
Directed patrol is a police-management strategy designed to increase the productivity of
patrol officers through the scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques.
Comment on how effective this strategy is and whether or not it actually works.
Define and explain the advantages and disadvantages of probation and parole.
At least four U.S. Supreme Court justices must vote in favor of a hearing for a case to
be heard.
Most murders are perpetrated by offenders classified as strangers.
Define intermediate sanctions. Explain three distinct advantages that are found with
intermediate sanctions.
Causation refers to the fact that the concurrence of a guilty mind and a criminal act may
produce or cause harm.
Common law originates from usage and custom rather than from written statutes.
Analyze and comment on the pros and cons of capital punishment. What are your
thoughts on implementation of the death penaltyare you for or against it, and why?
Define the role of the writ of habeas corpus. List several of the justifications and
oppositions to the death penalty.
The Keeney and Herrera decisions have severely limited access by state defendants to
federal courts.
Explain and define a search. Under what circumstances may police officers search
vehicles? What limits, if any, are there on such searches? What determines such limits?
When compared with adult justice, the juvenile justice system emphasizes punishment
rather than treatment.
Contemporary multiculturalism and social diversity draw attention to racial, ethnic,
subcultural, generational, faith, economic, and gender lines.
Comment on and analyze the history, purpose, and rationale for the Dispute Resolution
Center. Define the benefits and drawbacks to this program.
