What is the process in which criminal behavior becomes embedded because antisocial
behavior erodes social ties that encourage conformity and creates incentives to commit
crime?
a. Latent traits
b. State organized
c. State dependence
d. Victim precipitation
The landmark case of Schall v. Martin upheld the right of states to:
a. Detain a child before trial for his or her protection or public safety.
b. Remove abusive parents from delinquent youths’ homes.
c. Waive juveniles to adult court for violent offenses.
d. Waive children as young as 16 years to adult court for certain offenses.
According to early English Law, which of the following stated that no “freeman” could
be seized and imprisoned unless he had been judged by his peers?
a. Twelve Tables
b. Treaty of Windsor
c. Magna Carta
d. Metropolitan Police Act
Criminal and civil law can be interrelated.
a. True
b. False
Target hardening techniques are examples of which type of situational crime prevention
tactic?
a. Increasing the effort needed to commit the crime
b. Increasing the risks of committing the crime
c. Reducing the rewards for committing the crime
d. Inducing guilt or shame over the crime
Which of the following is not an advantage of high-definition surveying?
a. Investigators can manipulate every piece of evidence.
b. The perspective of the crime scene can be manipulated.
c. Crime scene contamination is limited.
d. It relies on photographic evidence and two-dimensional drawings.
Which is the county prosecutor who is charged with bringing offenders to justice and
enforcing the criminal laws of the state?
a. U.S. attorney general
b. Chief legal officer
c. District attorney
d. State investigative attorney
The case of Tate v. Short (1971) recognized that:
a. Incarcerating individuals who could not pay fines discriminates against the poor.
b. Incarcerating individuals who violate probation for a misdemeanor offense violates
the Eighth Amendment with regard to cruel and unusual punishment.
c. Restitution can only be used in cases which a felony was not the primary offense of
the accused.
d. Community service restitution is unlawful for individuals who can afford to pay day
fines.
Who sponsored the research in the 1950s that revealed that the criminal justice system
was composed of agenciesthat could be connected in an intricate network of
decision-making processes?
a. American Bar Foundation project
b. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
c. Chicago Crime Commission
d. Wickersham Commission
Which view of crime promotes that there is a class struggle between the rich and the
poor?
a. Conflict
b. Interactionist
c. Consensus
d. Constructionist
Research shows that police use the same interrogation tactics on juveniles that they do
on adults.
a. True
b. False
Community-oriented policing and problem-oriented policing are closelyassociated.
a. True
b. False
What was the most common state-administered punishment in early Greece and Roman
civilizations?
a. Mutilation
b. Burning at the stake
c. Banishment
d. Death penalty
John Howard was a leading reformer of probation in the United States.
a. True
b. False
Johnny was arrested for robbery. In his state robbery, is a second-degree felony,
and Johnny can besentenced to up to 20 years in prison. Johnny has never been
arrested before and is not familiar with thecriminal justice system.
At what stage will the prosecution file a charging document against Johnny before a
lower trial court?
A. Investigation
B. Charging
C. Preliminary hearing
D. Plea bargaining
In 1827, the Western State Penitentiary was built using a semicircle formation most
known in the Pennsylvania system prisons.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is a condition of probation in which the offender repays society
or the victim of the crime for the trouble caused by the offender?
a. Family circle sentencing
b. Restitution
c. Restoration
d. Forfeiture
__________________ were a sixteenth-century English set of laws by which vagrants
and abandoned and neglected children were bound to masters as indentured servants.
a. Chancery laws
b. Child-saver laws
c. Poor laws
d. Vagrant laws
Before inmates are sent to prison, they must first go through a battery of psychological
and personality tests in a process known as:
a. Cataloging.
b. Divisional placement.
c. Correctional clutching.
d. Classification.
Even if a prosecutor decides to pursue a case, the charges may later be dropped if the
conditions are not favorable for a conviction.
a. True
b. False
Substantive criminal law is primarily concerned with:
a. Compensating the injured party for harm.
b. Defining crimes and their punishment.
c. Setting out the basic rules of practice in the criminal justice system.
d. Dealing with the government and its relationships with individuals or other
governments.
During the 1930s and 1940s, restrictions on prison-made goods had little or no effect on
the manufacturing and distribution of these products.
a. True
b. False
The Wickersham Commission investigated the problem of police stress and fatigue.
a. True
b. False
The hearing in which a judge decides whether to waive a juvenile to criminal court is
called a:
a. Transfer hearing.
b. Resettlement hearing.
c. Conveying hearing.
d. Judicial hearing.
According to social control theorists, society produces criminals by stigmatizing certain
individuals as deviant.
a. True
b. False
A traffic ticket would likely be handled in which state court?
a. Court of special jurisdiction
b. Court of general jurisdiction
c. Court of minimal jurisdiction
d. Court of limited jurisdiction
If a suspect simply remains silent, this means they have asserted their MirandaRights.
a. True
b. False
Under critical criminal justice, white collar crimes would likely be prosecuted with
much less vigor.
a. True
b. False
An order of a superior court requesting that a record of an inferior court be brought
forward for review or inspection is a:
a. Writ of habeas corpus,
b. Writ of certiorari,
c. Writ of lottare,
d. Writ of Hammurabi’s Code,
Jail conditions vary greatly across counties, as there are currently no unified national
policies dictating the terms under which jails must be run.
a. True
b. False
The contract system requires that a block grant be given to lawyers or firms to handle
indigent defense cases.
a. True
b. False
The shire reeve was considered the first police officer in the United States.
a. True
b. False
With which of the following is Alexander Maconochie not associated?
a. Ticket-of-leave
b. English Penal Servitude Act
c. Condemnation of transportation
d. Creation of modern-day probation
CASE 4.2
Adam is a 16-year-old who has a history of strange behavior. He is now being
homeschooled by his mother because he has a difficult time relating to his peers.
His psychologist has diagnosed him with bipolar disorder. One afternoon, Adam
goes to the high school that he once attended. He brings his father’s revolver and
attempts to shoot a few of his former classmates and a teacher. He misses all of his
targets and flees the school. He is later apprehended in his home when the
principal is able to identify him through the school’s video surveillance.
Adam tells his attorney he should not be responsible for these charges because he was
drunk when he went to the school to commit these offenses and that he did not know
what he was doing. Under which circumstance would Adam possibly have a legitimate
defense of intoxication?
a. He voluntarily drank the alcohol in his house that his mother left in an unlocked
liquor cabinet.
b. He drank only beer and not the vodka that was available.
c. He became intoxicated when he drank the juice in the refrigerator that he did not
know was spiked with rum, and the alcohol mixed with his medication for his bipolar
disorder.
d. His mother would often serve Adam alcohol during their homeschooling sessions.
What is suspected to be involved in half of all U.S. murder, suicides, and accidental
deaths?
a. Alcohol
b. Drugs
c. Domestic violence
d. Racial tensions
Membership in the __________________________ helps recruits adjust to the rigors of
police work and provides the emotional support required for survival.
Discuss the development of Intelligence-led Policing since 9/11.
Answer:Answers will vary.
In common law, offenses that are by their own nature evil, immoral, and wrong, are
referred to as ____________________.
Describe the duties of a probation officer.
Answer:Answers will vary.
What are some of the ethical issues faced by defense attorneys?
Answer:Answers will vary.
The __________________ is the hearing before a magistrate to determine whether the
government has sufficient evidence to show probable cause that the defendant
committed the crime.
Explain the constitutional rights that must be covered in the Miranda warning.Discuss
recent changes in the Miranda rule.
Answer:Answers will vary.
How successful is probation? In your discussion, provide details on the future of
probation in the United States.
Answer:Answers will vary.
________________ are used as a step down in security for jail or prison inmates and a
step up for probationers who have failed community sanctions, and involve
nonresidential community-based treatment programs.
There are two key components of the Fourth Amendment pertaining to search
andseizure. These components are referred to as the ______________ clause, and
the__________________ clause.
Compare and contrast the grand jury and the preliminary hearing.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Define what is meant by an indigent defendant. Also, describe the three means of
counsel available to an indigent defendant. What does research state about the
effectiveness of appointed counsel verse privately funded counsel?
Answer:Answers will vary.
The concept of ____________________ refers to the absence or weakness of rules and
social norms (normlessness) in any person or group.
________ consists of the stratifications, classes, institutions, and groups that
characterize a society.
The theory known as _____________________ states that riots and other forms of
violence in prison occur when officials make an abrupt effort to take control of the
prison and limit freedoms.
Discuss the three main categories of crime.
Answer:Answers will vary.