Chapter 9—Forecasting Exchange Rates
1. Which of the following forecasting techniques would best represent the use of today’s forward
exchange rate to forecast the future exchange rate?
a.
fundamental forecasting.
b.
market-based forecasting.
c.
technical forecasting.
d.
mixed forecasting.
2. Which of the following forecasting techniques would best represent sole use of today’s spot exchange
rate of the euro to forecast the euro’s future exchange rate?
a.
fundamental forecasting.
b.
market-based forecasting.
c.
technical forecasting.
d.
mixed forecasting.
3. Which of the following forecasting techniques would best represent the use of relationships between
economic factors and exchange rate movements to forecast the future exchange rate?
a.
fundamental forecasting.
b.
market-based forecasting.
c.
technical forecasting.
d.
mixed forecasting.
4. Which of the following forecasting techniques would best represent the sole use of the pattern of
historical currency values of the euro to predict the euro’s future currency value?
a.
fundamental forecasting.
b.
market-based forecasting.
c.
technical forecasting.
d.
mixed forecasting.
5. If a particular currency is consistently declining substantially over time, then a market-based forecast
will usually have:
a.
underestimated the future exchange rates over time.
b.
overestimated the future exchange rates over time.
c.
forecasted future exchange rates accurately.
d.
forecasted future exchange rates inaccurately but without any bias toward consistent
underestimating or overestimating.
6. According to the text, the analysis of currencies forecasted with use of the forward rate suggests that:
a.
currencies exhibited about the same mean forecast errors as a percent of the realized value.
b.
the Canadian dollar can be forecasted by U.S. firms with greater accuracy than other
currencies.
c.
the Swiss franc can be forecasted by U.S. firms with greater accuracy than other
currencies.
d.
none of the above
7. Assume the following information:
Predicted Value of
Realized Value of
Period
New Zealand Dollar
New Zealand Dollar
1
$.52
$.50
2
.54
.60
3
.44
.40
4
.51
.50
Given this information, the mean absolute forecast error as a percentage of the realized value is about:
a.
1.5%.
b.
26%.
c.
6%.
d.
6.5%.
e.
none of the above
= [.04 + .10 + .10 + .02]/4
8. If it was determined that the movement of exchange rates was not related to previous exchange rate
values, this implies that a ____ is not valuable for speculating on expected exchange rate movements.
a.
technical forecast technique
b.
fundamental forecast technique
c.
all of the above
d.
none of the above
9. Which of the following is true?
a.
Forecast errors cannot be negative.
b.
Forecast errors are negative when the forecasted rate exceeds the realized rate.
c.
Absolute forecast errors are negative when the forecasted rate exceeds the realized rate.
d.
None of the above.
10. Which of the following is true according to the text?
a.
Forecasts in recent years have been very accurate.
b.
Use of the absolute forecast error as a percent of the realized value is a good measure to
use in detecting a forecast bias.
c.
Forecasting errors are smaller when focused on longer term periods.
d.
None of the above.
11. A fundamental forecast that uses multiple values of the influential factors is an example of:
a.
sensitivity analysis.
b.
discriminant analysis.
c.
technical analysis.
d.
factor analysis.
12. When the value from the prior period of an influential factor affects the forecast in the future period,
this is an example of a(n):
a.
lagged input.
b.
instantaneous input.
c.
simultaneous input.
d.
B and C
13. Assume a forecasting model uses inflation differentials and interest rate differentials to forecast the
exchange rate. Assume the regression coefficient of the interest rate differential variable is −.5, and the
coefficient of the inflation differential variable is .4. Which of the following is true?
a.
The interest rate variable is inversely related to the exchange rate, and the inflation
variable is directly (positively) related to the interest rate variable.
b.
The interest rate variable is inversely related to the exchange rate, and the inflation
variable is directly related to the exchange rate.
c.
The interest rate variable is directly related to the exchange rate, and the inflation variable
is directly related to the exchange rate.
d.
The interest rate variable is directly related to the exchange rate, and the inflation variable
is directly related to the interest rate variable.
14. Which of the following is not a limitation of fundamental forecasting?
a.
uncertain timing of impact.
b.
forecasts are needed for factors that have a lagged impact.
c.
omission of other relevant factors from the model.
d.
possible change in sensitivity of the forecasted variable to each factor over time.
e.
none of the above
15. Assume that interest rate parity holds. The U.S. five-year interest rate is 5% annualized, and the
Mexican five-year interest rate is 8% annualized. Today’s spot rate of the Mexican peso is $.20. What
is the approximate five-year forecast of the peso’s spot rate if the five-year forward rate is used as a
forecast?
a.
$.131.
b.
$.226.
c.
$.262.
d.
$.140.
e.
$.174.
16. Assume that the forward rate is used to forecast the spot rate. The forward rate of the Canadian dollar
contains a 6% discount. Today’s spot rate of the Canadian dollar is $.80. The spot rate forecasted for
one year ahead is:
a.
$.860.
b.
$.848.
c.
$.740.
d.
$.752.
e.
none of the above
17. If today’s exchange rate reflects all relevant public information about the euro’s exchange rate, but not
all relevant private information, then ____ would be refuted.
a.
weak-form efficiency
b.
semistrong-form efficiency
c.
strong-form efficiency
d.
A and B
e.
B and C
18. According to the text, research generally supports ____ in foreign exchange markets.
a.
weak-form efficiency
b.
semistrong-form efficiency
c.
strong-form efficiency
d.
A and B
e.
B and C
19. Assume that the U.S. interest rate is 11 percent, while Australia’s one-year interest rate is 12 percent.
Assume interest rate parity holds. If the one-year forward rate of the Australian dollar was used to
forecast the future spot rate, the forecast would reflect an expectation of:
a.
depreciation in the Australian dollar’s value over the next year.
b.
appreciation in the Australian dollar’s value over the next year.
c.
no change in the Australian dollar’s value over the next year.
d.
information on future interest rates is needed to answer this question.
20. If the forward rate was expected to be an unbiased estimate of the future spot rate, and interest rate
parity holds, then:
a.
covered interest arbitrage is feasible.
b.
the international Fisher effect (IFE) is supported.
c.
the international Fisher effect (IFE) is refuted.
d.
the average absolute error from forecasting would equal zero.
21. Which of the following is not a forecasting technique mentioned in your text?
a.
accounting-based forecasting.
b.
technical forecasting.
c.
fundamental forecasting.
d.
market-based forecasting.
22. The following regression model was estimated to forecast the value of the Malaysian ringgit (MYR):
MYRt = a0 + a1INCt − 1 + a2INFt − 1 +
t,
where MYR is the quarterly change in the ringgit, INF is the previous quarterly percentage change in
the inflation differential, and INC is the previous quarterly percentage change in the income growth
differential. Regression results indicate coefficients of a0 = .005; a1 = .4; and a2 = .7. The most recent
quarterly percentage change in the inflation differential is −5%, while the most recent quarterly
percentage change in the income differential is 3%. Using this information, the forecast for the
percentage change in the ringgit is:
a.
4.60%.
b.
−1.80%.
c.
5.2%.
d.
−4.60%.
e.
none of the above
23. The following regression model was estimated to forecast the value of the Indian rupee (INR):
INRt = a0 + a1INTt + a2INFt − 1 +
t,
where INR is the quarterly change in the rupee, INT is the real interest rate differential in period t
between the U.S. and India, and INF is the inflation rate differential between the U.S. and India in the
previous period. Regression results indicate coefficients of a0 = .003; a1 = −.5; and a2 = .8. Assume
that INFt − 1 = 2%. However, the interest rate differential is not known at the beginning of period t and
must be estimated. You have developed the following probability distribution:
Probability
Possible Outcome
30%
−2%
40%
−3%
30%
−4%
The expected change in the Indian rupee in period t is:
a.
3.40%.
b.
0.40%.
c.
3.10%.
d.
1.70%.
e.
none of the above
24. Huge Corporation has just initiated a market-based forecast system using the forward rate as an
estimate of the future spot rate of the Japanese yen (¥) and the Australian dollar (A$). Listed below are
the forecasted and realized values for the last period:
Currency
Forecasted Value
Realized Value
Australian dollar
$.60
$.55
Japanese yen
$.0067
$.0069
According to this information and using the absolute forecast error as a percentage of the realized
value, the forecast of the yen by Huge Corp. is ____ the forecast of the Australian dollar.
a.
more accurate than
b.
less accurate than
c.
more biased than
d.
the same as
Absolute forecast error for the Australian dollar = (|.60 − .55|)/.55 = 9.09%
2.90%
approximately 6.19%.
25. Gamma Corporation has incurred large losses over the last ten years due to exchange rate fluctuations
of the Egyptian pound (EGP), even though the company has used a market-based forecast based on the
forward rate. Consequently, management believes its forecasts to be biased. The following regression
model was estimated to determine if the forecasts over the last ten years were biased:
St = a0 + a1Ft
−
1 +
t,
where St is the spot rate of the pound in year t and Ft − 1 is the forward rate of the pound in year t − 1.
Regression results reveal coefficients of a0 = 0 and a1 = 1.3. Thus, Gamma has reason to believe that
its past forecasts have ____ the realized spot rate.
a.
overestimated
b.
underestimated
c.
correctly estimated
d.
none of the above
26. Which of the following is not a method of forecasting exchange rate volatility?
a.
using the absolute forecast error as a percentage of the realized value.
b.
using the volatility of historical exchange rate movements as a forecast for the future.
c.
using a time series of volatility patterns in previous periods.
d.
deriving the exchange rate’s implied standard deviation from the currency option pricing
model.
27. If a foreign currency is expected to ____ substantially against the parent’s currency, the parent may
prefer to ____ the remittance of subsidiary earnings.
a.
weaken; delay
b.
weaken; expedite
c.
appreciate; expedite
d.
none of the above
28. If an MNC invests excess cash in a foreign county, it would like the foreign currency to ____; if an
MNC issues bonds denominated in a foreign currency, it would like the foreign currency to ____.
a.
appreciate; depreciate
b.
appreciate; appreciate
c.
depreciate; depreciate
d.
depreciate; appreciate
29. Severus Co. has to pay 5 million Canadian dollars for supplies it recently received from Canada.
Today, the Canadian dollar has appreciated by 2 percent against the U.S. dollar. Severus has
determined that whenever the Canadian dollar appreciates against the U.S. dollar by more than 1
percent, it experiences a reversal of 40 percent on the following day. Based on this information, the
Canadian dollar is expected to ____ tomorrow, and Severus would prefer to make payment ____.
a.
depreciate by .8%; today
b.
depreciate by .8%; tomorrow
c.
appreciate by .8%; today
d.
appreciate by .8%; tomorrow
30. Corporations tend to make only limited use of technical forecasting because it typically focuses on the
near future, which is not very helpful for developing corporate policies.
a. True
b. False
31. Sulsa Inc. uses fundamental forecasting. Using regression analysis, it has determined the following
equation for the euro:
eurot
= b0 + b1INFt − 1 + b2INCt − 1
= .005 + .9INFt − 1 + 1.1INCt − 1
The most recent quarterly percentage change in the inflation differential between the U.S. and Europe
was 2 percent, while the most recent quarterly percentage change in the income growth differential
between the U.S. and Europe was −1 percent. Based on this information, the forecast for the euro is
a(n) ____ of ____%.
a.
appreciation; 3.4
b.
depreciation; 3.4
c.
appreciation; 0.7
d.
appreciation; 1.2
32. The U.S. inflation rate is expected to be 4 percent over the next year, while the European inflation rate
is expected to be 3 percent. The current spot rate of the euro is $1.03. Using purchasing power parity,
the expected spot rate at the end of one year is $____.
a.
1.02
b.
1.03
c.
1.04
d.
none of the above
33. If the one-year forward rate for the euro is $1.07, while the current spot rate is $1.05, the expected
percentage change in the euro is ____%.
a.
1.90
b.
2.00
c.
−1.87
d.
none of the above
34. If both interest rate parity and the international Fisher effect hold, then between the forward rate and
the spot rate, the ____ rate should provide more accurate forecasts for currencies in ____-inflation
countries.
a.
spot; high
b.
spot; low
c.
forward; high
d.
forward; low
35. If a foreign country’s interest rate is similar to the U.S. rate, the forward rate premium or discount will
be ____, meaning that the forward rate and spot rate will provide ____ forecasts.
a.
substantial; similar
b.
substantial; very different
c.
close to zero; similar
d.
close to zero; very different
36. Factors such as economic growth, inflation, and interest rates are an integral part of ____ forecasting.
a.
technical
b.
fundamental
c.
market-based
d.
none of the above
37. Silicon Co. has forecasted the Canadian dollar for the most recent period to be $0.73. The realized
value of the Canadian dollar in the most recent period was $0.80. Thus, the absolute forecast error as a
percentage of the realized value was ____%.
a.
9.6
b.
−9.6
c.
8.8
d.
−8.8
38. The absolute forecast error of a currency is ____, on average, in periods when the currency is more
____.
a.
lower; volatile
b.
higher; stable
c.
lower; stable
d.
none of the above
39. If the foreign exchange market is ____ efficient, then historical and current exchange rate information
is not useful for forecasting exchange rate movements.
a.
weak-form
b.
semistrong-form
c.
strong form
d.
all of the above
40. Foreign exchange markets are generally found to be at least ____ efficient.
a.
weak-form
b.
semistrong-form
c.
strong form
d.
none of the above
41. MNCs can forecast exchange rate volatility to determine the potential range surrounding their
exchange rate forecast.
a. True
b. False
42. If the pattern of currency values over time appears random, then technical forecasting is appropriate.
a. True
b. False
43. Inflation and interest rate differentials between the U.S. and foreign countries are examples of
variables that could be used in fundamental forecasting.
a. True
b. False
44. A regression analysis of the Australian dollar value on the inflation differential between the U.S. and
Australia produced a coefficient of .8. Thus, for every 1% increase in the inflation differential, the
Australian dollar is expected to depreciate by .8%.
a. True
b. False
45. The most sophisticated forecasting techniques provide consistently accurate forecasts.
a. True
b. False
46. If the forward rate is used as an indicator of the future spot rate, the spot rate is expected to appreciate
or depreciate by the same amount as the forward premium or discount, respectively.
a. True
b. False
47. Research indicates that currency forecasting services almost always outperform forecasts based on the
forward rate.
a. True
b. False
48. When measuring forecast performance of different currencies, it is often useful to adjust for their
relative sizes. Thus, percentages, rather than nominal amounts, are often used to compute forecast
errors.
a. True
b. False
49. The closer graphical points are to the perfect forecast line, the better is the forecast.
a. True
b. False
50. Foreign exchange markets appear to be strong-form efficient.
a. True
b. False
51. A motivation for forecasting exchange rate volatility is to obtain a range surrounding the forecast.
a. True
b. False
52. Two methods to assess exchange rate volatility are the volatility of historical exchange rate
movements and the exchange rate’s implied standard deviation from the currency option pricing
model.
a. True
b. False
53. Market-based forecasting involves the use of historical exchange rate data to predict future values.
a. True
b. False
54. Fundamental models examine moving averages over time and thus allow the development of a
forecasting rule.
a. True
b. False
55. A forecasting technique based on fundamental relationships between economic variables and exchange
rates, such as inflation, is referred to as technical forecasting.
a. True
b. False
56. Usually, fundamental forecasting is used for short-term forecasts, while technical forecasting is used
for longer-term forecasts.
a. True
b. False
57. If points are scattered evenly on both sides of the perfect forecast line, then the forecast appears to be
very accurate.
a. True
b. False
58. If foreign exchange markets are strong-form efficient, then all relevant public and private information
is already reflected in today‘s exchange rates.
a. True
b. False
59. Exchange rates one year in advance are typically forecasted with almost perfect accuracy for the major
currencies, but not for currencies of smaller countries.
a. True
b. False
60. The potential forecast error is larger for currencies that are more volatile.
a. True
b. False
61. A forecast of a currency one year in advance is typically more accurate than a forecast one week in
advance since the currency reverts to equilibrium over a longer term period.
a. True
b. False
62. In general, any key managerial decision that is based on forecasted exchange rates should rely
completely on one forecast rather than alternative exchange rate scenarios.
a. True
b. False
63. Monson Co., based in the U.S., exports products to Japan denominated in yen. If the forecasted value
of the yen is substantially ____ than the forward rate, Monson Co. will likely decide ____ the
payments.
a.
higher; to hedge
b.
lower; not to hedge
c.
higher; not to hedge
d.
none of the above
64. When a U.S.-based MNC wants to determine whether to establish a subsidiary in a foreign country, it
will always accept that project if the foreign currency is expected to appreciate.
a. True
b. False
65. The following is not a limitation of technical forecasting:
a.
It’s not suitable for long-term forecasts of exchange rates.
b.
It doesn’t provide point estimates or a range of possible future values.
c.
It cannot be applied to currencies that exhibit random movements.
d.
It cannot be applied to currencies that exhibit a continuous trend for short-term forecast.
66. The following regression model was estimated to forecast the percentage change in the Australian
Dollar (AUD):
AUDt = a0 + a1INTt + a2INFt − 1 +
t,
where AUD is the quarterly change in the Australian Dollar, INT is the real interest rate differential in
period t between the U.S. and Australia, and INF is the inflation rate differential between the U.S. and
Australia in the previous period. Regression results indicate coefficients of a0 = .001; a1 = −.8; and
a2 = .5. Assume that INFt − 1 = 4%. However, the interest rate differential is not known at the beginning
of period t and must be estimated. You have developed the following probability distribution:
Probability
Possible Outcome
20%
−3%
80%
−4%
There is a 20% probability that the Australian dollar will change by ____, and an 80% probability it
will change by ____.
a.
4.5%; 6.1%;
b.
6.1%; 4.5%
c.
4.5%; 5.3%
d.
None of the above
67. Purchasing power parity is used in:
a.
technical forecasting.
b.
fundamental forecasting.
c.
market-based accounting.
d.
all of the above.
68. If speculators expect the spot rate of the yen in 60 days to be ____ than the 60-day forward rate on the
yen, they will ____ the yen forward and put ____ pressure on the yen’s forward rate.
a.
higher; buy; upward
b.
higher; sell; downward
c.
higher; sell; upward
d.
lower; buy; upward
69. If speculators expect the spot rate of the Canadian dollar in 30 days to be ____ than the 30-day forward
rate on Canadian dollars, they will ____ Canadian dollars forward and put ____ pressure on the
Canadian dollar forward rate.
a.
lower; sell; upward
b.
lower; sell; downward
c.
higher; sell; upward
d.
higher; sell; downward
70. Assume that U.S. annual inflation equals 8%, while Japanese annual inflation equals 5%. If purchasing
power parity is used to forecast the future spot rate, the forecast would reflect an expectation of:
a.
appreciation of yen’s value over the next year.
b.
depreciation of yen’s value over the next year.
c.
no change in yen’s value over the next year.
d.
information about interest rates is needed to answer this question.
71. Assume that U.S. interest rates are 6%, while British interest rates are 7%. If the international Fisher
effect holds and is used to determine the future spot rate, the forecast would reflect an expectation of:
a.
appreciation of pound’s value over the next year.
b.
depreciation of pound’s value over the next year.
c.
no change in pound’s value over the next year.
d.
not enough information to answer this question.
72. If the foreign exchange market is ____ efficient, then technical analysis is not useful in forecasting
exchange rate movements.
a.
weak-form
b.
semistrong-form
c.
strong form
d.
all of the above
73. If today’s exchange rate reflects any historical trends in Canadian dollar exchange rate movements, but
not all relevant public information, then the Canadian dollar market is:
a.
weak-form efficient.
b.
semistrong-form efficient.
c.
strong-form efficient.
d.
all of the above.
74. Leila Corporation used the following regression model to determine if the forecasts over the last ten
years were biased:
St = a0 + a1Ft − 1 +
t,
where St is the spot rate of the yen in year t and Ft − 1 is the forward rate of the yen in year t − 1.
Regression results reveal coefficients of a0 = 0 and a1 = .30. Thus, Leila Corporation has reason to
believe that its past forecasts have ____ the realized spot rate.
a.
overestimated
b.
underestimated
c.
correctly estimated
d.
none of the above
75. Assume that U.S. interest rate for the next three years is 5%, 6%, and 7% respectively. Also assume
that Canadian interest rates for the next three years are 3%, 6%, 9%. The current Canadian spot rate is
$.840. What is the approximate three-year forecast of Canadian dollar spot rate if the three-year
forward rate is used as a forecast?
a.
$.840
b.
$.890
c.
$.856
d.
$.854
76. Which of the following is not one of the major reasons for MNCs to forecast exchange rates?
a.
to decide in which foreign market to invest the excess cash.
b.
to decide where to borrow at the lowest cost.
c.
to determine whether to require the subsidiary to remit the funds or invest them locally.
d.
to speculate on the exchange rate movements.
77. Sensitivity analysis allows for all of the following except:
a.
accountability for uncertainty.
b.
focus on a single point estimate of future exchange rates.
c.
development of a range of possible future values.
d.
consideration of alternative scenarios.
78. If graphical points lie above the perfect forecast line, than the forecast overestimated the future value.
a. True
b. False
79. A regression model was applied to explain movements in the Canadian dollar’s value over time. The
coefficient for the inflation differential between the U.S. and Canada was −0.2. The coefficient of the
interest rate differential between the U.S. and Canada produced a coefficient of 0.8. Thus, the
Canadian dollar depreciates when the inflation differential ____ and the interest rate differential ____.
a.
increases; increases
b.
decreases; increases
c.
increases; decreases
d.
increases; decreases
80. If the pattern of currency values over time appears random, then technical forecasting is appropriate.
a. True
b. False
81. Market-based forecasting is based on fundamental relationships between economic variables and
exchange rates.
a. True
b. False
82. In market-based forecasting, a forward rate quoted for a specific date in the future can be used as the
forecasted spot rate on that future date.
a. True
b. False
83. Since the forward rate does not capture the nominal interest rate between two countries, it should
provide a less accurate forecast for currencies in high-inflation countries than the spot rate.
a. True
b. False
84. Inflation and interest rate differentials between the U.S. and foreign countries are examples of
variables that could be used in fundamental forecasting.
a. True
b. False
85. If a foreign country’s interest rate is similar to the U.S. rate, the forward rate premium or discount will
be close to zero, meaning that the forward rate and spot rate will provide similar forecasts.
a. True
b. False
86. Using the inflation differential between two countries to forecast their exchange rates is not always
accurate because of such factors as the uncertain timing of the impact of inflation and barriers to trade.
a. True
b. False
87. When measuring forecast performance of different currencies, it is often useful to adjust for their
relative sizes. Thus, percentages rather than nominal amounts are often used to compute forecast
errors.
a. True
b. False
88. Forecast errors tend to be large for short forecast horizons.
a. True
b. False
89. A motivation for forecasting exchange rate volatility is to obtain a range surrounding the forecast.
a. True
b. False
90. Two methods to assess exchange rate volatility are the volatility of historical exchange rate
movements and the exchange rate’s implied standard deviation from the currency option pricing
model.
a. True
b. False
91. Which of the following is not a forecasting technique mentioned in your text?
a.
Accounting-based forecasting
b.
Technical forecasting
c.
Fundamental forecasting
d.
Market-based forecasting
e.
Mixed forecasting
92. The following regression model was estimated to forecast the value of the Malaysian ringgit (MYR):
MYRt = a0 + a1INCt − 1 + a2INFt − 1 +
t,
where MYR is the quarterly change in the ringgit, INF is the previous quarterly percentage change in
the inflation differential, and INC is the previous quarterly percentage change in the income growth
differential. Regression results indicate coefficients of a0 = 0.005; a1 = 0.4; and a2 = 0.7. The most
recent quarterly percentage change in the inflation differential is −5%, while the most recent quarterly
percentage change in the income differential is 3%. Using this information, the forecast for the
percentage change in the ringgit is
a.
4.60%.
b.
−1.80%.
c.
5.2%.
d.
−4.60%.
e.
None of the above
93. Pro Corp, a U.S.-based MNC, uses purchasing power parity to forecast the value of the Thai baht
(THB), which has a current exchange rate of $0.022. Inflation in the U.S. is expected to be 3% during
the next year, while inflation in Thailand is expected to be 10%. Under this scenario, Pro Corp would
forecast the value of the baht at the end of the year to be:
a.
$0.023.
b.
$0.021.
c.
$0.020.
d.
None of the above
94. Small Corporation would like to forecast the value of the Cyprus pound (CYP) five years from now
using forward rates. Unfortunately, Small is unable to obtain quotes for five-year forward contracts.
However, Small observes that the five-year interest rate in the U.S. is 11%, while the Cyprus five-year
interest rate is 15%. Based on this information, the Cyprus pound should ____ by ____% over the next
five years.
a.
appreciate; 16.22
b.
depreciate; 16.22
c.
appreciate; 6.66
d.
depreciate; 6.66
e.
none of the above
95. The one-year forward rate of the British pound is $1.55, while the current spot rate is $1.60. Based on
the forward rate, what is the expected percentage change in the British pound over the next year?
a.
+5.0%
b.
−3.1%
c.
+3.1%
d.
+3.2%
e.
None of the above
96. Which of the following is not a method of forecasting exchange rate volatility?
a.
Using the absolute forecast error as a percentage of the realized value to improve your
forecast.
b.
Using the volatility of historical exchange rate movements as a forecast for the future.
c.
Using a time series of volatility patterns in previous periods.
d.
Deriving the exchange rate’s implied standard deviation from the currency option pricing
model.