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47. Joint ventures may lead to
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International Joint Ventures
48. Foreign direct investment typically occurs when
The earnings of the parent company are invested in plant expansion overseas
The parent company transfers jobs overseas
The parent company closes its foreign production plants
The parent company purchases bonds of foreign governments
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The Multinational Enterprise
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49. Consider Figure 9.3, at labor market equilibrium with supply S0, _____ workers are hired at a wage rate of $____ per
hour, while total wages equal ____.
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International Labor Mobility: Migration
50. Consider Figure 9.3. At labor market equilibrium, the payment to Mexican capital owners equals:
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International Labor Mobility: Migration
51. Consider Figure 9.3. If Honduran migration to Mexico results in the labor force increasing to 12 workers, denoted by
schedule S1, the:
Wage rate for native Mexican workers decreases and the payments to Mexican capital owners increases
Wage rate for native Mexican workers decreases and the payments to Mexican capital owners decreases
Wage rate for native Mexican workers increases and the payments to Mexican capital owners increases
Wage rate for native Mexican workers increases and the payments to Mexican capital owners decreases
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International Labor Mobility: Migration
52. Consider Figure 9.3. Policies that permit Honduran workers to freely migrate to Mexico would likely be resisted by:
Mexican capital owners and native Mexican workers
Neither Mexican capital owners nor native Mexican workers
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International Labor Mobility: Migration
53. International trade in goods and services and flows of productive factors are substitutes for each other.
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The Multinational Enterprise
54. Most multinational corporations have a low ratio of foreign sales to total sales, usually 5 percent or less.
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The Multinational Enterprise
55. Vertical integration occurs if a parent multinational corporation establishes foreign subsidiaries to produce
intermediate goods or inputs that go into the production of a finished good.
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The Multinational Enterprise
56. Exxon Oil Co. would undertake forward vertical integration if its retailing division acquired oil wells in the Middle
East.
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The Multinational Enterprise
57. Forward vertical integration would occur if a U.S. automobile manufacturer acquired a German subsidiary.
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The Multinational Enterprise
58. Most vertical foreign investment, as implemented by multinational corporations, is “forward” in nature rather than
“backward.”
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The Multinational Enterprise
59. Horizontal integration would occur if General Motors sets up a subsidiary in Mexico to produce automobiles identical
to those that it produces in the United States.
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The Multinational Enterprise
60. Multinational corporations sometimes locate manufacturing subsidiaries abroad to avoid tariff barriers which would
place their products at a competitive disadvantage in a foreign country.
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61. Foreign direct investment would occur if Mobile Inc. of the United States acquired sufficient common stock in a
foreign oil company to assume voting control.
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Motives for Foreign Direct Investment
62. Foreign direct investment would occur if Microsoft Inc. of the United States purchased securities of the French
government.
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Motives for Foreign Direct Investment
63. Conglomerate integration would occur if General Motors Inc. of the United States acquired a controlling interest in a
British chemical company.
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The Multinational Enterprise
64. Both economic theory and empirical studies support the notion that foreign direct investment is conducted in
anticipation of future profits.
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Motives for Foreign Direct Investment
65. Multinational corporations often locate manufacturing operations abroad in order to take advantage of foreign
resource endowments or wage scales.
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Supplying Products to Foreign Buyers: Whether to Produce Domestically or Abroad
66. If the size of the Canadian market is large enough to permit efficient production in Canada, a U.S. firm would profit
by establishing a Canadian manufacturing subsidiary or licensing rights to a Canadian firm to manufacture and sell its
product in Canada.
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Supplying Products to Foreign Buyers: Whether to Produce Domestically or Abroad
67. There is virtually universal agreement among economists that foreign direct investment in the United States has
reduced the economic welfare of the average U.S. citizen.
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Motives for Foreign Direct Investment
68. Foreign-owned companies in the United States operate under more strict antitrust, environmental, and other
regulations than U.S.-owned companies.
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Motives for Foreign Direct Investment
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69. During the 1980s and 1990s, Japanese auto firms established manufacturing facilities in the United States known as
“transplants.”
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Japanese Transplants in the U.S. Automobile Industry
70. By establishing transplant factories in the United States, Japanese automakers were able to avoid export restrictions
imposed by the Japanese government, but not import restrictions imposed by the U.S. government.
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Japanese Transplants in the U.S. Automobile Industry
71. Mergers differ from joint ventures in that they involve the creation of a new business firm, rather than the union of
two existing companies.
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The Multinational Enterprise
72. Developing countries, such as Mexico and India, often close their borders to foreign companies unless they are willing
to take on partner companies in developing countries.
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International Joint Ventures
73. In natural-resource oriented industries, such as oil and copper, joint ventures have often been formed by several
companies since the cost of resource-extraction may be prohibitively large for a particular company.
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International Joint Ventures
74. International joint ventures tend to yield a welfare increasing market-power effect and a welfare decreasing cost-
reduction effect.
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International Joint Ventures
75. A joint venture leads to increases in national welfare if the cost-reduction effect is due to wage concessions and if it
more than offsets the market-power effect.
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International Joint Ventures
76. A joint venture leads to increases in national welfare if its cost-reduction effect is due to productivity gains and if it
more than offsets the market-power effect.
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77. Joint ventures lead to losses in national welfare when the newly established business adds to pre-existing production
capacity and fosters additional competition.
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International Joint Ventures
78. Joint ventures lead to national welfare gains if the newly established business yields productivity increases that would
have been unavailable if each parent performed the same function separately.
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International Joint Ventures
79. A joint venture along two large competing companies tends to yield a market-power effect, which results in a
reduction in consumer surplus, that is not offset by a corresponding gain to producers.
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80. If a joint venture among competing firms is able to cut costs by extracting wage concessions from domestic workers,
national welfare increases.
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International Joint Ventures
81. Critics of multinational corporations maintain that they often abandon domestic workers in order to take advantage of
lower wage scales abroad.
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Multinational Enterprises as a Source of Conflict
82. The theory of multinational enterprise is totally inconsistent with the principle of comparative advantage.
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International Trade Theory and Multinational Enterprise
83. Due to transfer-pricing problems, multinational corporations must shift profits away from countries with low corporate
tax rates to high tax-rate countries, thus absorbing a larger tax bite.
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Multinational Enterprises as a Source of Conflict
84. The operations of an MNE have little effect on employment in either the host country or the home country.
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Multinational Enterprises as a Source of Conflict
85. In the short run, the home country of an MNE will likely experience an employment decline when production is
shifted overseas.