61.
A _____ is a less rigid form of social stratification in which social mobility is
possible.
A.
caste system
B.
normative system
C.
religious system
D.
class system
A class system is a less rigid form of social stratification in which social
mobility is possible.
62.
Which of the following statements is true about a class system?
A.
A class system is a more rigid form of social stratification, compared to a
caste system.
B.
A class system is a closed form of stratification.
C.
Social mobility within a class system varies from society to society.
D.
In a class system, social position is determined at birth and cannot be
changed during an individual’s lifetime.
A class system is a less rigid form of social stratification in which social
mobility is possible. While many societies have class systems, social
mobility within a class system varies from society to society.
63.
A caste system differs from a class system because:
A.
a caste system is an open system of stratification, while a class system
is a closed system of stratification.
B.
it is not possible for an individual to change his or her caste, while a
class system allows people to change their class through individual
achievement.
C.
the social mobility in caste systems varies from society to society, while
in a class system there is no social mobility.
D.
a caste system is a less rigid form of social stratification, while a class
system is a comparatively more rigid form of social stratification.
A caste system is a closed system of stratification in which social position is
determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that
position is usually not possible during an individual’s lifetime. A class
system is a form of open stratification in which the position a person has by
birth can be changed through his or her own achievements or luck.
64.
A condition where people tend to perceive themselves in terms of their
class background and this shapes their relationships with members of other
classes is known as:
A.
class stratification.
B.
social mobility.
C.
class mobility.
D.
class consciousness.
Class consciousness refers to a condition where people tend to perceive
themselves in terms of their class background, and this shapes their
relationships with members of other classes.
65.
An upper-middle-class manager tends to have hostile relationship with the
working-class employees in the firm because of his tendency to perceive
himself as superior to them based on his class background. In this example,
the manager exhibits:
A.
class consciousness.
B.
cultural awareness.
C.
social mobility.
D.
group orientation.
Class consciousness refers to a condition where people tend to perceive
themselves in terms of their class background, and this shapes their
relationships with members of other classes.
66.
Ethical systems are:
A.
a set of moral principles, or values, that are used to guide and shape
behavior.
B.
shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the
sacred.
C.
routine conventions of everyday life.
D.
social rules that govern people’s actions toward each other.
Ethical systems refer to a set of moral principles, or values, that are used to
guide and shape behavior.
67.
Religion may be defined as:
A.
routine conventions of everyday life.
B.
social rules that govern people’s actions toward each other.
C.
shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the
sacred.
D.
a set of moral principles, or values, that are used to guide and shape
behavior.
Religion may be defined as a system of shared beliefs and rituals that are
concerned with the realm of the sacred.
68.
Max Weber theorized that there was a relationship between Protestantism
and the emergence of modern capitalism because:
A.
Protestant ethics emphasize the importance of hard work and wealth
creation and frugality.
B.
Protestantism promotes the hierarchical domination of religious and
social life.
C.
Protestantism states that spiritual growth is more important than
material wealth.
D.
Protestantism promotes blind loyalty to employers.
Weber argued that Protestant ethics emphasize the importance of hard
work and wealth creation (for the glory of God) and frugality (abstinence
from worldly pleasures). According to Weber, this kind of value system was
needed to facilitate the development of capitalism.
69.
Which of the following sociologists made a connection between Protestant
ethics and “the spirit of capitalism”?
A.
Karl Marx
B.
Max Weber
C.
Amartya Sen
D.
Adam Smith
In 1904, a German sociologist, Max Weber, made a connection between
Protestant ethics and “the spirit of capitalism” that has since become
famous. Weber theorized that there was a relationship between
Protestantism and the emergence of modern capitalism.
70.
According to Islam, those who hold property are regarded as:
A.
trustees.
B.
owners.
C.
tenants.
D.
speculators.
The protection of the right to private property is also embedded within
Islam, although Islam asserts that all property is a favor from Allah (God),
who created and so owns everything. Those who hold property are regarded
as trustees rather than owners in the Western sense of the word.
71.
Which of the following observations is correct?
A.
The economic principles established in the Koran are against free
enterprise.
B.
The economic principles of Islam prohibit the payment or receipt of
interest.
C.
The Koran speaks disapprovingly of earning legitimate profit through
trade and commerce.
D.
Protection of the right to private property is not embedded within Islam.
One economic principle of Islam prohibits the payment or receipt of interest,
which is considered usury. This is not just a matter of theology; in several
Islamic states, it is also a matter of law.
72.
Under the mudarabah banking system, when an Islamic bank lends money
to a business:
A.
it charges that business interest on the loan.
B.
the business needs to pay back the loan with an additional markup.
C.
it has to donate the interest received on the loan to a charitable trust.
D.
it takes a share in the profits that are derived from the investment.
A mudarabah contract is similar to a profit-sharing scheme. Under
mudarabah, when an Islamic bank lends money to a business, rather than
charging that business interest on the loan, it takes a share in the profits
that are derived from the investment.
73.
Which of the following statements is true about the murabaha contract?
A.
Under the murabaha contract, when an Islamic bank lends money to a
business it takes a share in the profits that are derived from the
investment.
B.
Under the murabaha contract, money deposited in a savings account is
treated as an equity investment in whatever activity the bank uses the
capital for.
C.
The murabaha contract is widely used among the world’s Islamic banks
because it is the easiest to implement.
D.
The murabaha contract is a more efficient system than the Western
banking system since it encourages both long-term savings and long-
term investment.
The Islamic banking method, the murabaha contract, is the most widely
used among the world’s Islamic banks, primarily because it is the easiest to
implement.
74.
Hindus believe:
A.
that there is but the one true omnipotent God.
B.
in reincarnation, or rebirth into a different body, after death.
C.
in the importance of individual religious freedom.
D.
that material quest is more important than spiritual quest.
Hindus believe in reincarnation, or rebirth into a different body, after death.
Hindus also believe in karma, the spiritual progression of each person’s
soul.
75.
A major difference between Buddhism and Hinduism is that unlike
Hinduism, Buddhism:
A.
does not support the cast system.
B.
emphasizes wealth creation.
C.
promotes blind loyalty to employers.
D.
supports extreme ascetic behavior.
Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism does not support the caste system. Nor does
Buddhism advocate the kind of extreme ascetic behavior that is encouraged
by Hinduism.
76.
Three values central to the Confucian system of ethics have very important
economic implications. Which of the following is NOT one among them?
A.
Loyalty
B.
Rule-based law
C.
Reciprocal obligations
D.
Honesty in dealings with others
The influence of Confucian ethics on the culture of China, Japan, South
Korea, and Taiwan, by lowering the costs of doing business in those
countries, may help explain their economic success. In this regard, three
values central to the Confucian system of ethics are of particular interest:
loyalty, reciprocal obligations, and honesty in dealings with others.
77.
Which of the following statements about the use of spoken language is NOT
true?
A.
The nature of a language structures the way we perceive the world.
B.
The language of a society can direct the attention of its members to
certain features of the world rather than others.
C.
Countries with more than one language often have more than one
culture.
D.
Most people prefer to converse in English rather than their own
language.
Most people prefer to converse in their own language, and being able to
speak the local language can build rapport, which may be very important for
a business deal.
78.
The _____ dimension of Hofstede’s study explores how a society deals with
the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities.
A.
power distance
B.
individualism versus collectivism
C.
uncertainty avoidance
D.
masculinity versus femininity
Hofstede’s power distance dimension focused on how a society deals with
the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities.
79.
The individualism versus collectivism dimension of Hofstede’s study
explored:
A.
the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into
accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty.
B.
the relationship between gender and work roles.
C.
how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and
intellectual capabilities.
D.
the relationship between the individual and his/her fellows.
The individualism versus collectivism dimension focused on the relationship
between the individual and his or her fellows.
80.
Hofstede’s uncertainty avoidance dimension considered:
A.
the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into
accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty.
B.
the relationship between gender and work roles.
C.
how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and
intellectual capabilities.
D.
the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows.
Hofstede’s uncertainty avoidance dimension measured the extent to which
different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous
situations and tolerating uncertainty.