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A) power distance
B) individualism versus collectivism
C) uncertainty avoidance
D) masculinity versus femininity
60) Martin worried a lot about his job, which he chose specifically because it was very
structured with clear rules and regulations. He carefully planned his career to maximize job
security and retirement benefits. Martin would rate high on which of Hofstede’s four
dimensions?
A) power distance
B) individualism versus collectivism
C) uncertainty avoidance
D) masculinity versus femininity
61) The individualism versus collectivism dimension of Hofstede’s study explored
A) the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting
ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty.
B) the relationship between gender and work roles.
C) how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual
capabilities.
D) the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows.
62) Hofstede’s uncertainty avoidance dimension considered
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A) the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting
ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty.
B) the relationship between gender and work roles.
C) how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual
capabilities.
D) the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows.
63) The _____ is a research project spanning more than 100 countries that explores people’s
values and norms, how they change over time, and what impact they have in society and
business.
A) World Values Survey
B) Global Leadership and Organization Behavior Effectiveness Instrument
C) Indulgence Versus Restraints Survey
D) Chinese Value Survey
64) According to Geert Hofstede’s study, which of the following cultural dimensions would
be characterized by a greater readiness to take risks and less emotional resistance to change?
A) high power distance cultures
B) low uncertainty avoidance
C) high collectivism
D) low power distance cultures
65) The _____ refers to the extent to which a culture programs its citizens to accept delayed
gratification of their material, social, and emotional needs.
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A) long-term versus short-term orientation dimension
B) indulgence versus restraint dimension
C) uncertainty avoidance
D) power distance dimension
66) _____ refers to a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural
human drives related to enjoying life and having fun.
A) Persistence
B) Indulgence
C) Reciprocation
D) Restraint
67) Hofstede’s _____ dimension measured the extent to which different cultures socialized
their members into accepting and tolerating ambiguity.
A) power distance
B) long-term versus short-term orientation
C) uncertainty avoidance
D) indulgence versus restraint
68) Hofstede’s results, as might be expected, showed that nations such as _____ scored low
on long-term orientation.
A) the United States and Canada
B) Denmark and Sweden
C) Japan and Thailand
D) Great Britain and Mexico
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69) Hofstede’s masculinity versus femininity dimension looked at the relationship between
gender and work roles and found that in
A) feminine cultures, sex roles were sharply differentiated, and traditional “feminine
values” determined cultural ideals.
B) feminine cultures, sex roles were less sharply distinguished; however, there was a
great deal of differentiation between men and women in the same job.
C) masculine cultures, sex roles were less sharply distinguished, and little differentiation
was made between men and women in the same job.
D) masculine cultures, sex roles were sharply differentiated, and traditional “masculine
values” determined cultural ideals.
70) Hofstede’s dimension of Confucian work dynamism
A) captures attitudes toward time, persistence, ordering by status, saving face, respect
for tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favors.
B) focuses on how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and
intellectual capabilities.
C) explores the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows.
D) looks at the relationship between gender and the ability to accept ambiguous
situations.
71) Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?
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A) A manager in India looks down upon his subordinates because they are from a lower
caste, compared to him.
B) An upper-middle-class woman talks rudely to a salesperson, because she looks down
upon individuals belonging to the working class.
C) An American manager criticizes the cultural practices of Saudi Arabia, when he is
sent there on business, because it differs from his own cultural norms.
D) A French business owner, who plans to expand his market to China, conducts a
detailed cultural study of China to customize his marketing campaign.
72) What is ethnocentrism?
A) a belief in the superiority of one’s business or organization over another
B) a belief in the superiority of another group or culture over one’s own group or culture
C) a belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture
D) a belief in the superiority of one’s self over another person
73) Class-based conflict between workers and management in class-conscious societies can
lead to
A) increased costs of doing business.
B) decreased costs of doing business.
C) companies going out of business.
D) workers looking for new jobs in other businesses.
74) Several studies have shown that economic advancement and _____ are important factors
in societal change.
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A) individualism
B) collectivism
C) culture
D) globalization and information
75) One reason for Japan’s shift in values away from collectivism and toward individualism
may be that
A) richer societies exhibit less need for social and material support structures built on
collectives.
B) individualism is a more important trait in a global society.
C) richer societies exhibit more need for social and material support structures built on
collectives.
D) increased urbanization and improvements in the quality and availability of education
are both a function of economic progress.
76) The connection between _____ and _____ has important implications for the choice of
countries in which to locate production facilities and do business.
A) culture; competitive advantage
B) moral principles; values
C) class system; society
D) values; norms
77) In today’s world of global communications, rapid transportation, and global markets,
cultural differences have ceased to exist.
⊚ true
⊚ false
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78) Norms are abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable.
⊚ true
⊚ false
79) Folkways include rituals, traditions, and symbolic behavior.
⊚ true
⊚ false
80) Upon meeting a foreign business executive, a Japanese executive will hold his business
card in both hands and bow while presenting the card to the foreigner. This is an example of
ritual behavior.
⊚ true
⊚ false
81) The term social strata refers to the extent to which individuals can move out of the
strata into which they were born.
⊚ true
⊚ false
82) Education plays an important role, from an international business perspective, as a
determinant of national competitive advantage.
⊚ true
⊚ false
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83) Both Hindus and Buddhists stress the afterlife and spiritual achievement rather than
involvement in this world.
⊚ true
⊚ false
84) Islam is a polytheistic religion, like Christianity and Judaism.
⊚ true
⊚ false
85) A caste system is a closed system of stratification in which social position is determined
by the family into which the person is born.
⊚ true
⊚ false
86) A class system is a rigid form of social stratification in which the position a person has by
birth cannot be changed through his or her own achievements or luck.
⊚ true
⊚ false
87) An antagonistic relationship between management and labor classes may result in lower
costs of production.
⊚ true
⊚ false
88) Max Weberbelieved that Protestantism encouraged capitalism’s development by
emphasizing the importance of wealth creation and frugality.
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⊚ true
⊚ false
89) In countries where the value of group identification is considered to be primary,
managers and workers are discouraged from moving from company to company.
⊚ true
⊚ false
90) The mudarabah contract is the most widely used Islamic banking method, because it is
the easiest to implement.
⊚ true
⊚ false
91) Max Weber believed that devout Hindus would be less likely to engage in entrepreneurial
activity than devout Protestants.
⊚ true
⊚ false
92) Guanxi is an important mechanism for building long-term business relationships and
getting business done in China.
⊚ true
⊚ false
93) Hofstede’s study found that in masculine cultures, sex roles were less sharply
distinguished, and little differentiation was made between men and women in the same job.
⊚ true
⊚ false
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94) Hofstede’s research has been criticized because it was culturally bound.
⊚ true
⊚ false
95) Hofstede’s concept of power distance focused on the extent to which different cultures
socialized their members into tolerating uncertainty.
⊚ true
⊚ false
96) According to Hofstede, the concept of Confucian dynamism captures attitudes toward
time, persistence, saving face, and respect for tradition.
⊚ true
⊚ false
97) The convergence hypothesis states that there is a slow but steady merging occurring
across different cultures toward some universally accepted values and norms.
⊚ true
⊚ false
98) International businesses that are ill-informed about the practices of another culture are
likely to fail.
⊚ true
⊚ false
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99) The value systems and norms of a country are unrelated to the costs of doing business in
that country.
⊚ true
⊚ false
100) Because of its individualistic mind-set, Japanese culture is more supportive of
entrepreneurial activities than American culture.
⊚ true
⊚ false
Answer Key
Test name: chapter 4
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