Instructor Resource
Baack et al., International Marketing, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Test Bank
Chapter 2: Culture in International Marketing
1. According to the textbook, how many definitions of the word ‘culture’ does the English
language provide?
a. over 160
b. over 200
c. over 60
d. over 260
e. over 20
2. Which of the following definitions best describes the characteristics of culture:
a. Culture is what an individual believes in.
b. Culture does not need to be shared with members of the same cultural group.
c. Culture is shared and collective, is human-made, and includes material and subjective
aspects and is stable over time.
d. Culture consists of only the subjective aspects of people’s lives, and includes religious
beliefs.
e. Culture is dynamic and changes constantly.
3. Material culture includes ______.
a. religious beliefs
b. values
c. political beliefs
d. artefacts
e. beliefs about gender roles
Instructor Resource
Baack et al., International Marketing, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
4. Vegans do not consume ______.
a. potatoes
b. anything derived from animals
c. sunflower oil
d. alcohol
e. grains
5. Lacto-ovo vegetarians do not consume ______.
a. meat
b. dairy foods
c. eggs
d. alcohol
e. vegetables
6. Subjective culture includes the ______.
a. important paintings
b. furniture
c. architecture
d. beliefs and values
e. museums
7. What are the two factors that influence the origins of culture?
a. history and geography
b. religion and values
c. brands and advertising
d. consumer culture and organisational culture
e. humanities and arts
Instructor Resource
Baack et al., International Marketing, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
8. The dimensions of Hofstede’s model are ______.
a. power distance, individualism-collectivism, masculinity-femininity, uncertainty avoidance,
short- or long-term orientation
b. power distance, individualism- collectivism, masculinity-femininity, uncertainty avoidance
c. power distance, individualism- collectivism, masculinity-femininity, uncertainty
avoidance, gender egalitarianism
d. power distance, in-group individualism, masculinity-femininity, uncertainty avoidance,
gender egalitarianism
e. power distance, in-group individualism, assertiveness, uncertainty avoidance, gender
egalitarianism
9. The dimensions of GLOBE model are ______.
a. power distance, uncertainty avoidance, humane orientation, institutional collectivism, in-
group collectivism, assertiveness, gender equality, future orientation, performance orientation
b. power distance, uncertainty avoidance, humane orientation, institutional collectivism, in–
group collectivism, assertiveness, gender egalitarianism, future orientation, performance
orientation
c. power distance, uncertainty avoidance, humane orientation, institutional collectivism, in-
group collectivism, assertiveness, gender egalitarianism, future orientation, short-term
orientation
d. power distance, uncertainty avoidance, humane orientation, institutional collectivism, in–
group collectivism, assertiveness, performance orientation
e. power distance, uncertainty avoidance, humane orientation, institutional collectivism, in-
group collectivism, assertiveness, masculinity-femininity, future orientation, performance
orientation
10. Monochronic-time orientation cultures ______.
a. emphasise schedules and see time as a continuous line which can be divided into separate
‘blocks’
Instructor Resource
Baack et al., International Marketing, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
b. do not respect schedules
c. ere very relaxed when it comes to time-keeping
d. suggest that individuals never schedule only one task at a time
e. suggest that individuals always schedule many tasks at the same time
11. The beliefs, customs, and attitudes of a distinct group of people constitute its ______.
a. culture
b. ideals
c. mores
d. laws
e. politics
12. In cultures with polychronic-time orientation, ______.
a. people emphasise schedules and see time as a continuous line which can be divided into
separate ‘blocks’
b. individuals always schedule only one task at a time
c. individuals are always on time
d. disrupting the planned activity or task is frowned upon
e. individuals undertake multiple tasks at the same time
13. In cultures with monochronic-time orientation, ______.
a. individuals undertake multiple tasks at the same time
b. people emphasise schedules and see time as a continuous line which can be divided into
separate ‘blocks’, individuals always schedule only one task at a time
c. individuals value the flexibility of time and social arrangements
d. individuals are always late and meetings never start on time
e. disrupting the planned activity or task is accepted
Instructor Resource
Baack et al., International Marketing, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
14. Present-oriented cultures can be described as ______.
a. societies that tend to see time as a cyclical process in which future cannot be controlled or
predicted, and past will repeat itself in the future. planning for the future is not important and
people focus on the ‘here and now’.
b. cultures in which planning for the future is very important
c. cultures in which people envisage and plan for their future
d. cultures which value tradition and history over the present and the future
15. How important is planning in past-oriented cultures?
a. Planning for the future is very important.
b. Planning for the future is not important and people focus on the ‘here and now’.
c. People appreciate the past; such cultures value tradition, history and respect the elders, and
planning for the future is not very important.
d. People envisage and plan for their future.
e. Individuals always schedule many tasks at the same time.
16. In future-oriented cultures, ______.
a. people envisage and plan for their future
b. people value tradition, history and respect the elders more than the present or the future.
c. planning for the future is not important and people focus on the ‘here and now’.
d. individuals always schedule many tasks at the same time
e. people do not respect schedules
17. According to Miguel Basanez, the author of the book A world of three cultures, culture is
transmitted from generation to generation through the following six agents: ______.
a. family, music, religion, media, leadership, and the law
b. arts, school, religion, media, leadership, and the law
c. family, school, religion, media, leadership, and the law
d. school, religion, media, leadership, and music
Instructor Resource
Baack et al., International Marketing, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
e. school, religion, media, business, and the law
18. Which is the most accurate description of cultures of honor?
a. Individuals place significant value on egalitarianism, individualism, and orientation
towards economic efficiency and productivity.
b. Individuals always schedule many tasks at the same time.
c. In such cultures new ways of life are inferior to the time-honoured traditions, individuals
value strong social and family bonds, and the interests of the group are more important than
the interests of individuals.
d. Individuals value well-being of individuals and society, they are socially responsible, and
work is for achieving quality of life not to demonstrate economic productivity.
e. Religion is valued, and secularism is the not preferred social order.
19. Which is the most accurate description of cultures of joy?
a. Individuals value well-being of individuals and society, they are socially responsible, and
work is for achieving quality of life not to demonstrate economic productivity.
b. Individuals place significant value on egalitarianism, individualism, and orientation
towards economic efficiency and productivity.
c. Individuals always schedule many tasks at the same time.
d. Planning for the future is not important and people focus on the ‘here and now’.
e. These cultures do not value gender equality and acceptance of individual differences.
20. Which is the most accurate description of cultures of achievement?
a. Religion is valued, and secularism is the not preferred social order.
b. Individuals always schedule many tasks at the same time.
c. Cultures of achievement place significant value on egalitarianism, individualism, and
orientation towards economic efficiency and productivity.
d. Planning for the future is not important and people focus on the ‘here and now’.
e. These cultures do not value gender equality and acceptance of individual differences.
Instructor Resource
Baack et al., International Marketing, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
21. What does the term psychic distance mean in international marketing?
a. the distance between the values of two individuals
b. Psychic distance is the subjective perception of the cultural distance between the home
country and the host country.
c. Psychic distance is used in noise models in spatial games, in computer science.
d. It is the subjective perception of one’s beliefs and cultural values.
e. the similarities and differences between two countries
22. What is cultural imperative?
a. customs or behavior patterns reserved exclusively for the locals and from which the
foreigner is barred are cultural exclusives
b. cultural electives relate to areas of behavior or to customs that cultural aliens may wish to,
but are not required to, conform to or participate in
c. cultural imperatives are the customs and expectations that must be met and conformed to or
avoided if international business relationships are to be successful
d. religious values and norms that believers must follow
e. customs, behavior patterns, social norms and religious beliefs of the host country
23. What is cultural elective?
a. customs or behavior patterns reserved exclusively for the locals and from which the
foreigner is barred are cultural exclusives.
b. cultural electives relate to areas of behavior or to customs that cultural aliens may wish to,
but are not required to, conform to or participate in.
c. customs, behavior patterns, social norms and religious beliefs of the host country.
d. values and beliefs of a given country that foreigners should be aware of.
e. family, school, religion, media, leadership, and the law
Instructor Resource
Baack et al., International Marketing, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
24. What is cultural exclusive?
a. areas of behavior or customs that cultural aliens may wish to, but are not required to,
conform to or participate in
b. customs or behavior patterns reserved exclusively for the locals and from which the
foreigner is barred are cultural exclusives
c. values and beliefs of a given country that foreigners should be aware of
d. religious norms that everyone must follow
e. cultural exclusives are the customs and expectations that must be met and conformed to or
avoided if international business relationships are to be successful
25. What is a subculture?
a. Subculture is a specific type of culture in which individuals are allowed to follow their
individual beliefs and values.
b. Subcultures are groups whose values and related behaviors are distinct and set members
off from the general or dominant culture.
c. Subculture is a specific type of culture in which individuals must follow the cultural
imperatives.
d. Subcultures are groups in which leaders dictate the norms, values and behaviours of the
members of those groups.
e. Subculture is a specific type of culture in which individuals must follow the cultural
imperatives.
26. What is a counterculture?
a. Counterculture is a specific type of culture in which individuals are allowed to follow their
individual beliefs and values.
b. It is a specific type of culture in which individuals must follow the cultural imperatives.
c. Countercultures groups in which leaders dictate the norms, values and behaviours of the
members of those groups.
d. Countercultures are groups whose values set their members in opposition to the dominant
culture.
Instructor Resource
Baack et al., International Marketing, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
e. Counterculture is a specific type of culture in which individuals must follow the cultural
imperatives.
27. What is ethics?
a. Ethics is a set of values and beliefs that govern the behavior of ethnic minorities.
b. cultural values of a nation
c. the subjective aspects of people’s lives including religious beliefs
d. Ethics is a specific type of culture in which individuals must follow the cultural
imperatives.
e. Ethics is a system of moral principles which governs a person’s behavior.
28. What is ethical relativists’ view of ethical values?
a. Ethical relativists maintain that ethical values are relative to the norms of one’s culture and
there are no universal standards of behavior that can be applied to all people at all times.
b. Ethical relativists maintain that everyone should follow the same ethical standards.
c. Ethical relativists form a specific type of culture in which individuals must follow the
cultural imperatives.
d. Ethical relativists maintain that people’s lives should be governed by religious beliefs.
e. Ethical relativists maintain that people’s lives should be governed by religious beliefs and
secular social norms.
29. What approach to ethical values do ethical absolutists support?
a. Ethical absolutists maintain that ethical values are relative to the norms of one’s culture and
there are no universal standards of behavior that can be applied to all people at all times.
b. Ethical absolutists maintain that everyone should follow the same ethical standards.
c. Ethical absolutists form a specific type of culture in which individuals must follow the
cultural imperatives.
d. Ethical absolutists maintain that people’s lives should be governed by religious beliefs.
Instructor Resource
Baack et al., International Marketing, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
e. Ethical absolutists argue that there are fundamental values that cross cultures, and
companies must uphold them.
30. What is the meaning of cultural congruence in international marketing strategy?
a. Cultural congruence means products and marketing approaches are designed to meet the
needs of the target culture.
b. Cultural congruence means products and marketing approaches are designed to meet the
needs of global consumers.
c. Cultural congruence means products and marketing approaches are designed to meet the
needs of global consumers.
d. promoting change within the culture
e. Products and services are standardized.
31. According to the Project GLOBE initiative, the degree to which a collective encourages
and rewards individuals for being fair, altruistic, and caring is ______.
a. individualism orientation
b. collectivist orientation
c. fairness orientation
d. societal orientation
e. humane orientation
32. Cultures with people who have lower life expectancies are more inclined to exhibit
______.
a. short-term orientation
b. masculinity-femininity
c. materialism
d. frugality
e. assertiveness
Instructor Resource
Baack et al., International Marketing, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
33. Cultures that lean toward formal, authoritarian leadership models are ______.
a. masculine
b. high power distance
c. low power distance
d. individualistic
e. collectivist
34. When a company designs products and services that meet the needs of a current culture, it
uses ______.
a. cultural inference
b. cultural change
c. cultural maintenance
d. cultural promotion
e. cultural congruence
35. Cultural imperatives are business customs that must be met if international business
relationships are to be successful.
a. True
b. False
36. Cultural electives relate to areas of behaviors or to customs that cultural aliens may wish
to, but are not required to, conform to or participate.
a. True
b. False
37. A cultural exclusive is a custom or behavior pattern that is reserved exclusively for locals.
a. True
Instructor Resource
Baack et al., International Marketing, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
b. False
38. A subculture is a group whose values and related behaviors are distinct from the general
or dominant culture.
a. True
b. False
39. A counterculture is a group whose values set its members in opposition to the dominant
culture.
a. True
b. False
40. In cultures of joy, individuals value well-being of individuals and society,
they are socially responsible, and work is for achieving quality of life not to demonstrate
economic productivity.
a. True
b. False
41. Discuss the importance of culture in international marketing.
42. Describe the various cultural barriers to communication as they apply to international
marketing. Use examples to illustrate the various barriers.
43. Discuss the various selection criteria for international advertising agencies that are
discussed in the text. In your opinion, which criterion is most important in collectivistic and
high Power Distance cultures? Why?
Instructor Resource
Baack et al., International Marketing, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
44. Discuss the importance of material and subjective elements of culture in global branding.
Illustrate your answer with relevant examples.
45. Discuss the various approaches to ethics in international marketing and provide
arguments for the introduction of universal, world-wide ethical code for international
marketers.
46. Describe the various cultural dimensions that are found in Hofstede’s value dimensions of
culture. How do these dimensions relate to international marketing?
47. Describe the four elements of culture that are discussed in the textbook.
48. What are the various factors that influence the origins of culture? Provide examples.
49. Compare and contrast the various cultural constructs that are included in Hofstede’s value
dimensions of culture and the Project GLOBE project.
50. Discuss the differences between cultural imperatives, cultural electives, and cultural
exclusives. Include examples of each. In what ways are these relevant to international
marketers?