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178. Throughout the world, the foreign exchange market is open for business only during the hours of 9 A.M. to 3 P.M.,
Pacific Standard Time.
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179. The major banks that trade foreign exchange generally do not deal directly with one another but instead use the
services of foreign exchange brokers.
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180. Estimates are that speculation accounts for only about 10 percent of the daily trading activity in the foreign exchange
market.
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181. Concerning the volume of foreign exchange market trading, forward transactions and foreign-exchange options are
the two dominant instruments of foreign exchange.
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Types of Foreign Exchange Transactions
182. Foreign exchange transactions are generally carried out by smaller banks located in smaller cities throughout the
United States.
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183. When a bank trades foreign currencies, its offer rate will be less than its bid rate.
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184. A foreign currency trader who works for a bank is assigned a position limit that stipulates the amount of buying and
selling that can be conducted in a given currency.
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185. If the dollar cost of the U.K. pound is $1.50 and the dollar cost of the Swiss franc is $1, the cross exchange rate
between pound and the franc is 0.67 francs per pound.
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Reading Foreign Exchange Quotations
186. In 2013, Japanese automakers found that their vehicles were becoming more affordable to American consumers.
Why? The exchange value of the yen was appreciating against the dollar.
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Reading Foreign Exchange Quotations
187. When conducting foreign exchange trading, commercial banks like Bank of America offer forward contracts. The
size of these contracts can be tailored to the needs of an importer or importer and their date of delivery is negotiable.
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Forward and Futures Markets
188. Trading in foreign currencies can be conducted in the futures market such as the International Monetary Market of
the Chicago Mercantile Exchange
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Forward and Futures Markets
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189. Futures contracts of the International Monetary Market have no set size, the contracts’ dates of delivery are
negotiable, and their costs are based on the bid-offer spread.
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Forward and Futures Markets
190. Concerning foreign currency trading, an option contract provides the holder the right to buy or sell a fixed amount of
currency at a prearranged price within a few days or a couple of years.
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191. If the dollar’s real exchange rate index increases, American products become more affordable to foreign buyers.
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Indexes of the Foreign Exchange Value of the Dollar: Nominal and Real Exchange Rates
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192. The nominal exchange rate equals the real exchange rate adjusted for changes in the price level.
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Indexes of the Foreign Exchange Value of the Dollar: Nominal and Real Exchange Rates
193. Arbitrage tends to bring about an identical price for the same currency in different locations and thus results in one
market.
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Indexes of the Foreign Exchange Value of the Dollar: Nominal and Real Exchange
194. If the dollar/franc exchange rate is 1 franc = $1.20 in New York and 1 franc = 1.22 in Zurich, arbitragers would find
it profitable to purchase francs in Zurich and immediately resell them in New York.
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Indexes of the Foreign Exchange Value of the Dollar: Nominal and Real Exchange
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195. When a foreign currency is worth more in the forward market than in the spot market, it is said to be at a discount in
the forward market.
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196. Suppose the selling price of one-month forward British pounds is $1.6036 per pound and the spot price of the pound
is $1.6039. This means that there is an annual forward discount on the pound equal to 0.2 percent.
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197. If interest rates in the U.K. are higher than those in the United States, the pound shows a forward discount which
means the forward rate is less than the spot rate.
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198. If British interest rates are lower than those of the United States, the pound shows a forward discount which means
the forward rate is less than the spot rate.
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199. Hedging is the process of avoiding or covering a foreign exchange risk.
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200. Concerning the management of foreign exchange risk, some business firms do not hedge at all either because they
cannot determine how much money will be coming in from abroad or because they have a deliberate strategy of allowing
currencies to balance each other out around the world.
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201. Assume that Boeing anticipates receiving 1 billion francs in three months from its exports of jetliners to Switzerland.
To avoid the risk of an appreciation of the dollar against the franc, Boeing could contract to sell its expected franc receipts
in the forward market at today’s forward rate.
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202. Suppose that Walmart owes 100 million yen to a Japanese radio manufacturer in three-months’ time. To cover itself
against the risk of the dollar appreciating against the yen during this period, Walmart could buy 100 million yen in the
forward market, at today’s forward rate for delivery in three months.
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203. International investors who hedge against exchange rate risk often use currency forward contracts.
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204. The euro shows a forward discount against the dollar (the forward rate is less than the spot rate) when interest rates in
Europe are lower than those in the United States.
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205. A speculator takes a long position by initially buying a currency at a low price then selling it at a higher price later
on.
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Foreign Exchange Market Speculation
206. A speculator engages in a short position by initially selling a currency (that she does not own) at a high price, then
buying it back later at a low price.
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Foreign Exchange Market Speculation