International Business: The Challenges of Globalization, 9e (Wild)
Chapter 2 Cross–Cultural Business
1) ________ consists of specific learned norms based on attitudes, values, and beliefs of a group
of people.
A) Ethnology
B) Civilization
C) Culture
D) Doctrine
2) Ethnocentricity can be defined as the ________.
A) scientific description of individual human societies
B) systematic study of an ethnic group’s religious core
C) merging of all ethnic practices into one homogeneous culture
D) belief that one’s own ethnic group or culture is superior to that of others
3) Detailed knowledge about a culture that enables people to work happily and effectively within
it is called ________.
A) cultural literacy
B) cultural imperialism
C) cultural diffusion
D) cultural divergence
4) Businesspeople seeking to understand more about another culture in order to successfully
conduct business within that culture would be best advised to do which of the following?
A) observe the behavior of people who have gained respect within that cultural environment
B) rely on stereotypes, which are based on averages, to gain an understanding of the culture
C) avoid cultural research studies because they perpetuate unjustified stereotypes and behaviors
D) memorize the cultural variations that are typically encountered in a specific cultural
environment
5) Which of the following is defined as a group of people who share a unique way of life within
a larger, dominant culture?
A) macroculture
B) subculture
C) cultural universal
D) monoculture
6) Certain attitudes can link groups, such as managers, from different nations more closely than
managers within a given nation. As a result, international businesspeople should most likely
________.
A) assume that there are few significant cultural differences among nations
B) examine relevant groups when comparing nations
C) adopt universal operating methods
D) avoid cultural imperialism
7) Which of the following is a cultural component that implies gauging the beauty and appeal of
artwork?
A) customs
B) mores
C) folkways
D) aesthetics
8) It is most accurate to say that within most nations’ borders, people largely share such essential
attributes as ________ and ________.
A) work attitudes; occupations
B) lifestyles; education level
C) education level; ethnicity
D) values; language
9) Which of the following terms is used to refer to the positive or negative evaluations, feelings,
and tendencies that individuals harbor toward objects or concepts?
A) customs
B) attitudes
C) traditions
D) values
10) Which of the following statements is true of attitudes?
A) Over the years, they become more rigid than values.
B) They are learned from role models.
C) Because they’re formed within a cultural context, they mirror the attitudes of surrounding
countries.
D) They are developed only for the most important aspects of life.
11) A(n) ________ is anything that represents a culture’s way of life, including gestures, material
objects, traditions, and concepts.
A) social structure
B) social status
C) cultural baggage
D) cultural trait
12) ________ is increasing the pace of both cultural diffusion and cultural change.
A) Collectivism
B) Enculturation
C) Fundamentalism
D) Globalization
13) Contact among countries brings about cultural change, which is a process called ________.
A) cultural collision
B) cultural imperialism
C) cultural diffusion
D) polycentrism
14) Cultural change occurs when people integrate into their culture the gestures, material objects,
traditions, or concepts of another culture through ________.
A) ethnocentrism
B) cultural diffusion
C) social stratification
D) xenocentrism
15) The practice of exchanging rings at weddings, which was initially a pagan ritual, is now
followed by most people across the world. Which of the following does this illustrate?
A) cultural literacy
B) cultural encoding
C) cultural diffusion
D) cultural lag
16) Which of the following terms is used to refer to habits or ways of behaving in specific
circumstances that are passed down through generations?
A) customs
B) attitudes
C) prejudices
D) aesthetics
17) Their argument is vulnerable to criticism because ________.
A) most restaurants still display their menu cards in French
B) they fail to take other social and cultural factors into account
C) they do not distinguish between movies made by studios in England and movies made in
Hollywood
D) no other country screens French movies or star French actors
18) Surveys conducted by a group of sociologists show that French children display more
familiarity with the superheroes of Hollywood movies than with the heroes of their traditional
folklore. The French Government can use this fact to prove the effect of ________ within their
country.
A) cultural imperialism
B) social stratification
C) ethnocentrism
D) racism
19) The French Government promotes the concept of ________ by building museums and
monuments to preserve the legacies of important events and people.
A) subculture
B) national culture
C) popular culture
D) monoculture
20) Which of the following terms describes Betty’s effort to learn more about the Chinese
culture?
A) cultural literacy
B) cultural imperialism
C) cultural divergence
D) cultural heterogeneity
21) The first step in analyzing a nation’s potential for international business activity is to examine
its business climate.
22) Ethnocentric firms typically use the same business practices in all cultures and markets.
23) Subcultures mimic the values, preferences, and beliefs of dominant cultures.
24) Subcultures exist in democratic countries with large populations.
25) Hispanics comprise a subculture in the United States.
26) Subcultures contribute to national culture and cannot be safely ignored when making
marketing and production decisions.
27) A nation’s cultural boundaries do not always correspond with its political boundaries.
28) Subcultures exist only within a nation‘s borders.
29) Cultures isolated by topographical barriers are characterized by slower cultural change.
30) Material culture often displays uneven development across a nation’s industries.
31) ________ facilitate(s) the process of cultural imperialism.
A) Strict product liability laws
B) Relaxed trade and investment barriers
C) Technological stagnation
D) Social media censorship
32) ________ refers to the replacement of one culture’s traditions, folk heroes, and artifacts with
equivalents from another.
A) Cultural imperialism
B) Social stratification
C) Cultural encoding
D) Social conditioning
33) U.S. companies monopolize much of the international entertainment media, which largely
portrays U.S. products and lifestyles as glamorous and appealing. This situation would most
likely be used as an example of ________.
A) the stronger work ethic typical of developed countries
B) the spread of low-context cultures
C) cultural fragmentation
D) cultural imperialism
34) ________ is a system in which a supervisor walks an employee through every step of an
assignment or task, monitoring the results at each stage.
A) Situational attribution
B) Situational management
C) Social mobility
D) Social stratification
35) Low levels of class consciousness encourage social mobility and lessen conflict.
36) The cultural component that deals with elements of imagery and symbolism is known as
material culture.
37) A culture’s values tend to become inflexible over time.
38) Folk customs that spread by cultural diffusion to other regions develop into popular customs.
39) A nuclear family comprises of one’s immediate family, along with grandparents, uncles,
aunts, and cousins.
40) Social status is determined by family heritage, income, and occupation.
41) Distinguish between attitudes and values. How do cultures differ in their attitudes toward
cultural change?
42) Explain the concept of culture. Why is it important to avoid ethnocentricity and gain cultural
literacy?
43) A folk custom can be defined as ________.
A) behavior shared by a heterogeneous group or by several groups of people
B) behavior, often dating back several generations, that is practiced by a homogeneous group of
people
C) positive or negative evaluations, feelings, and tendencies that individuals harbor toward
objects or concepts
D) positive or negative evaluations, feelings, and tendencies that individuals harbor toward
themselves
44) Folk customs that spread by cultural diffusion to other regions develop into ________.
A) trash culture
B) traditions
C) popular customs
D) superstitions
45) The practice by which managers and other employees find jobs within their own companies
for relatives is known as ________.
A) ethnocentrism
B) enculturation
C) nepotism
D) stratification
46) Nepotism often prevails in ________ cultures.
A) extended–family
B) individualistic
C) monotheistic
D) nuclear family
47) ________ refers to socially learned traits associated with, and expected of, men or women.
A) Conformity
B) Social mobility
C) Individualism
D) Gender
48) Which of the following terms is used to refer to the process of ranking people into social
layers or classes?
A) social transformation
B) social stratification
C) social loafing
D) social mobility
49) ________ tend to occupy the highest social layer in industrialized countries.
A) Teachers
B) Scientists
C) Medical doctors
D) Business leaders
50) ________ is the ability of individuals to move from one stratum of society to another.
A) Social stratification
B) Social mobility
C) Socialization
D) Hierarchical structure
51) A caste system is a system of social stratification in which ________.
A) a person’s social status is decided by his acquired wealth
B) a person’s position in society depends upon his educational qualifications and achievements
C) people are born into a social ranking, with no opportunity for social mobility
D) people join highly exclusive associations that encourage external interaction
52) International businesspeople need to understand social stratification systems where they do
business because ________.
A) such systems reflect a culture’s willingness to accept new products
B) such systems indicate who people in a given culture will likely respect more
C) the high similarity among countries lets firms effectively use global hiring practices
D) what is an ascribed group membership in one country is an acquired one in another
53) A class system is a system of social stratification in which ________.
A) people are divided into various political groups and subgroups
B) a person’s social rank depends upon his/her parentage
C) people join highly exclusive associations that forbid external interaction
D) personal ability and actions determine an individual’s social status and mobility
54) Which of the following is the most common form of social stratification in the world today?
A) racial segregation
B) class system
C) gender-based division
D) language-based stratification
55) ________ is crucial in production facilities where nonnative managers supervise local
employees.
A) Ethnocentrism
B) Language proficiency
C) Cultural isolation
D) Individualism
56) Lingua franca means ________.
A) link language
B) French language
C) official language
D) Latin language
57) Which of the following terms is used to refer to the departure of highly educated people from
one profession, geographic region, or nation to another?
A) social mobility
B) repatriation
C) stratification
D) brain drain
58) Over the last ten years, nearly 90% of medical graduates from Konesia have left the country
for higher-paying jobs in the United States. What phenomenon has Konesia been witnessing?
A) vested outsourcing
B) brain drain
C) redeployment
D) repatriation