1.
(p. 238)
Learning refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to
solve a problem.
2.
(p. 238)
Decision making reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee’s knowledge or
skills that result from experience.
3. Learning is important because it has a significant impact on decision making.
4.
(p. 239)
Research shows that the difference between experts and novices is almost always a
function of intelligence as opposed to the more popular view that learning makes the difference.
5.
(p. 239)
Explicit knowledge is what employees can typically learn only through experience.
6.
(p. 239)
Tacit knowledge is the kind of information that can be easily communicated during
training sessions or using written manuals.
7.
(p. 241)
The entire process of reinforcement is a continuous cycle, and the repetition of behaviors
is strengthened to the degree that reinforcement continues to occur.
8.
(p. 241)
For positive reinforcement to be successful, an employee needs to see a direct link
between his or her behavior and the desired outcome.
9. Edgar has a habit of telling jokes during meetings. Others laugh, but it really does slow
down the meetings. Josh, Edgar’s manager, has asked other meeting members to refrain from
laughing when Edgar tells a joke in future meetings. Josh is hoping Edgar will stop wasting time
with the jokes. Jonh is using extinction to change Edgar’s behavior.
10.
(p. 241)
Positive reinforcement should necessarily be in the form of material rewards to be
effective.
11.
(p. 242)
Variable interval schedule is the simplest schedule of reinforcement and happens when a
specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior.
12.
(p. 243)
Research has consistently shown that fixed reinforcement schedules lead to higher levels
of performance than variable schedules.
13.
(p. 243)
Research shows that desired behaviors tend to disappear much more quickly when
reinforcement is discontinued under variable plans.
14.
(p. 243)
When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then
repeat the observed behavior, they are engaging in cognitive modeling.
15.
(p. 246)
Performance-oriented individuals enjoy working on new kinds of tasks, even if they fail
during their early experiences.
16.
(p. 246)
Those with a performance-prove orientation focus on demonstrating their competence so
that others will not think poorly of them.
17.
(p. 248)
Because of their tacit knowledge, experts sometimes cannot put into words why they
know that a problem exists, why a solution will work, or how they accomplished a task.
18.
(p. 249)
The rational decision-making model offers a step–by-step approach to making decisions
that maximize outcomes by examining all available alternatives.
19.
(p. 249)
The rational decision-making model assumes that people are very rarely perfectly rational.
20. Andrew is under a lot of time pressure to make a decision. As a result, he chooses the
first acceptable solution without considering any more possibilities. Andrew has engaged in
satisficing behavior.
21.
(p. 250)
To be rational decision makers, we should evaluate each alternative as soon as we think
of it.
22.
(p. 251)
Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, storing, and retrieving information about
the environment.
23.
(p. 252)
A stereotype occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their
membership in a social group.
24.
(p. 252)
Projection bias causes problems in decision making because it limits our ability to develop
appropriate criteria for a decision and evaluate decisions carefully.
25.
(p. 252)
Social identity theory holds that people identify themselves by the groups to which they
belong and perceive and judge others by their group memberships.
26.
(p. 253)
Framing is the tendency to judge things erroneously based on a reference that is near to
them.
27.
(p. 254)
The fundamental attribution error argues that people have a tendency to judge others’
behaviors as due to internal factors.
28. Tiffany is now a division manager but was previously the sales manager for 10 years at
Acme Sports Equipment. She tends to view all organizational problems based on the effect they
will have on the sales department. her decisions may be flawed due to selective attribution.
29.
(p. 254)
The self-serving bias occurs when we attribute our own failures to external factors and
our own successes to internal factors.
30.
(p. 255)
Escalation of commitment refers to the decision to continue to follow a failing course of
action.
31.
(p. 256)
Learning is moderately correlated with task performance.
32.
(p. 258)
Learning has a weak positive effect on commitment.
33.
(p. 259)
Communities of practice are groups of employees who work together and learn from one
another by collaborating over an extended period of time.
34.
(p. 259)
Transfer of training occurs when the knowledge, skills, and behaviors used on the job are
maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner
returns to the job.
35.
(p. 238)
Which of these reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee’s knowledge or skill
that result from experience?
36.
(p. 238)
_____ refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a
problem.
37.
(p. 239)
The knowledge and skills that distinguish specialists from novices is referred to as:
38.
(p. 239)
Research shows that the differences between experts and novices are almost always a
function of:
39.
(p. 239)
True learning only occurs when:
40.
(p. 239)
Information that is relatively easily communicated and a large part of what companies
teach during training sessions is known as _____ knowledge.
41.
(p. 239)
Lucy just moved to New York on a job assignment. Lucy got herself a map of the city and
various other guides on restaurants, fitness centers, libraries, and theaters. Lucy learns about
New York by studying these materials. Lucy acquires _____ knowledge by learning this way.
42. Nicole has spent weeks studying the manuals in order to take the Lieutenant’s exam. She
has gained a great deal of ______ knowledge but little, if any, ______ knowledge from her studies.
43.
(p. 239)
The knowledge that employees can typically learn only through experience is called _____
knowledge.