63) The proponents of reinforcement theory view behavior as ________.
A) the result of a cognitive process
B) environmentally caused
C) a reflection of the inner state of the individual
D) a function of one’s power need
E) a product of heredity
64) ________ argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid
something they don’t want.
A) Theory Y
B) Theory X
C) Social cognitive theory
D) Operant conditioning theory
E) McClelland’s theory of needs
65) To get the best results while using reinforcement theory, rewards should be ________.
A) small and given only once
B) large and given at irregular intervals
C) given prior to the desired behavior response
D) given immediately following the desired behavior
E) presented publicly with a large number of witnesses
66) Helen, a high school teacher, wants her students to actively participate more in class. She has
decided to use reinforcement theory to get the required results. Which of the following methods
is she most likely to use?
A) She is going to call on students who never participate.
B) She is going to yell at students, telling them that they are not making good grades.
C) She is going to ask the students that always participate to allow the others to have a chance.
D) She is going to model what active participation should look like at the beginning of class.
E) She is going to give students an extra mark each time that they contribute.
67) The concept of operant conditioning is a part of the broader concept of ________, which
argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.
A) equity theory
B) expectancy theory
C) cognitive behavioral therapy
D) behaviorism
E) humanism
68) According to social learning theory, which of the following processes demonstrates whether
an individual is capable of performing the modeled activities?
A) attentional process
B) retention process
C) motor reproduction process
D) reinforcement process
E) motivation process
69) George is trying to teach his two-year old son to gently caress their cat. George softly strokes
the animal and every time his son does the same, he rewards him with kind words like “good
job!” The child is very attentive during the process and claps his hands when his father praises
him. However, as soon as George leaves, the boy lunges for the cat and grabs it by the tail.
Which process of social-learning theory is failing?
A) attentional processes
B) justification processes
C) retention processes
D) motor reproduction processes
E) reinforcement processes
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70) Feedback influences self-efficacy.
71) Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
72) The Pygmalion effect is not a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something
can make it true.
73) What is self-efficacy?
74) What are the four ways of increasing self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura?
75) In the context of social learning, explain the four processes that determine a model’s
influence on an individual.
76) With reference to the expectancy theory, which of the following examples indicates a weak
rewards-personal goals relationship?
A) An employee lacks the skills required to reach the desired performance level.
B) An organization’s appraisal system assesses nonperformance factors such as creativity and
initiative.
C) An organization rewards its employees based on factors such as seniority and skill level.
D) An employee believes that his manager does not like him and hence expects a poor appraisal.
E) An employee works hard in order to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred
to Beijing.
77) If a manager incorrectly assumes that all employees want the same thing, then according to
the expectancy theory, it is most likely to result in a weak ________ relationship.
A) performance-achievement
B) effort-performance
C) performance-reward
D) rewards-personal goals
E) effort-satisfaction
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78) Expectancy theory predicts employees will exert a high level of effort if they perceive a
strong relationship between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and
satisfaction of personal goals.
79) What are the three relationships in Vroom’s expectancy theory?
80) In equity theory, individuals assess the ________.
A) cost-benefit ratio
B) efficiency-effectiveness trade-off
C) quantity-quality trade-off
D) outcome-input ratio
E) quality of outcome
81) Karen graduated from college four years ago and has been working at Betaphy Inc. ever
since. She has consistently received good performance evaluations for the quality of her work.
She recently found out that her company hired a fresh college graduate with no experience at a
salary higher than hers. Which of the following theories will Karen most likely use to evaluate
this situation?
A) reinforcement
B) goal setting
C) equity
D) expectancy
E) operant conditioning
82) The equity theory’s hypothesis has served as an important precursor to the study of
________.
A) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
B) distributive justice
C) organizational justice
D) social learning theory
E) procedural justice
83) Based on equity theory, employees who perceive inequity will make any of the following
choices except ________.
A) be content with the referent
B) change the inputs
C) change the outputs
D) distort the perceptions of one’s self
E) leave the field
84) Which of the following is an example of changing inputs in regard to equity theory?
A) exerting more effort if underpaid
B) working more hours if underpaid
C) working at a higher rate if working on a piece-rate basis
D) exerting less effort if underpaid
E) working more hours to move up the hierarchy
85) Jim is a salaried employee whose job is to develop content for online Web sites. He
discovers that he is paid substantially more than his colleagues even though their jobs and levels
of performance are very similar. According to the equity theory, what impact is this discovery
most likely to have on his behavior and performance?
A) He will reduce the amount of work that he does on a daily basis.
B) He will compare his earnings to those of another group of employees.
C) He will increase his productivity and/or the overall quality of his work.
D) He will seek a position within the company commensurate with his pay.
E) He will begin to look for a position outside of the company.
86) Following this discovery, Megan starts coming to work late and her productivity begins to
suffer. Which of the following is most similar to the scenario mentioned above based on the
equity theory?
A) Dawn starts coming to work early and stays late once she learns that the mid-term review is
around the corner.
B) Greg believes he works harder than any of the other members in his department as they often
leave the office before him.
C) Lisa starts working longer hours after learning that her co-workers earn less than she does for
the same work.
D) Myrtle produces a higher number of units to compensate for the lower quality of her output.
E) Beth submits her resignation after she was passed over for promotion for the second time.
87) Based on the equity theory, which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument
that Megan is trying to gain a sense of equity by distorting her perception of herself?
A) She thinks that her colleague is paid more because she is an Ivy League graduate.
B) She believes that she is less capable than her colleague.
C) She assumes that her colleague received a higher package due to changes in industry
standards.
D) She believes that her salary is not commensurate with her skills and experience.
E) She believes that she is doing a lot better career-wise compared to the people with whom she
graduated.
88) Based on the equity theory, which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument
that Megan is trying to gain a sense of equity by changing her inputs?
A) She asks her boss for a raise, citing her years of experience with the company.
B) She claims that extrinsic rewards make work seem like a chore and less enjoyable.
C) She accepts additional responsibilities but fails to carry them out effectively.
D) She takes long breaks from work and shirks her responsibilities.
E) She constantly interrupts her colleague, refusing to let her get any work done.
89) Jackie thinks that she is paid a lot less than other employees in her division and feels
extremely resentful. She starts taking long breaks and generally wastes time. Her actions resulted
from a perceived lack of ________ justice.
A) interactional
B) interpersonal
C) procedural
D) distributive
E) associative
90) Edith believes that the methods for determining salary hikes and bonuses in her company are
extremely unfair. In this case, Edith perceives a lack of ________ justice.
A) interpersonal
B) distributive
C) associative
D) procedural
E) interactional
91) Which of the following types of justice relates most strongly to job satisfaction, employee
trust, withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors?
A) associative justice
B) interactional justice
C) distributive justice
D) procedural justice
E) integrative justice
92) Why do people who perceive themselves as victims of interactional injustice often blame
their immediate supervisor rather than the organization at large?
A) Interpersonal justice or injustice is intimately tied to the conveyer of the information.
B) Interactional injustice usually occurs during face-to-face encounters.
C) When people are not treated with respect, they tend to retaliate against those closest at hand.
D) Interactional injustice is in the eyes of those who perceive they are disrespected.
E) Interactional injustice is most often the result of the impersonal policies of the organization.
93) Expectancy theory suggests that employees will be motivated to exert a high level of effort
when they believe that it will lead to a good performance appraisal, that a good appraisal will
lead to organizational rewards, and that the rewards will satisfy their personal goals.
94) Interpersonal justice refers to an individual’s perception of the degree to which he or she is
treated with dignity, concern, and respect.
95) Workers around the world prefer rewards based on seniority over rewards based on
performance and skills.
96) According to the equity theory, what are the choices made by employees who perceive
inequity?
97) Discuss distributive justice, procedural justice, and interpersonal justice.
98) Discuss culture and justice.
99) The investment of an employee’s physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job
performance is called ________.
A) vicarious modeling
B) self-determination
C) job engagement
D) management by objectives
E) job analysis
100) An overly high level of engagement can lead to a loss of perspective and, ultimately,
burnout.
101) Practicing managers and scholars have become interested in facilitating job engagement,
believing factors deeper than liking a job or finding it interesting drives performance.
102) Which of the following theories discusses three relationships: effort-performance
relationship, performance-reward relationship, and rewards-personal goals relationship?
A) goal-setting theory
B) self-efficacy theory
C) equity theory
D) expectancy theory
E) self-determination theory
103) Logan is an employee who processes health insurance forms. Initially he was criticized by
his supervisor for sloppy work, but thereafter he improved considerably. Now he consistently
processes his forms without errors and even does more than his fair share of work. However,
Logan’s supervisor has not responded to the extra effort he has put in, giving him no praise or
monetary benefits. This leads Logan to believe that his supervisor is biased against him.
According to the expectancy theory, in this situation, there is a problem in the ________
relationship.
A) rewards-personal goals
B) performance-awareness
C) performance-reward
D) performance-objectives
E) performance-achievement
104) Oscar is looking for a new job. He used to be the company’s top sales representative and
was eagerly expecting to be promoted. However, one of the regional manager’s friends was
promoted to district manager instead. According to the expectancy theory, Oscar’s dissatisfaction
with his current job stems from a breakdown in the ________ relationship.
A) performance–reward
B) effort-performance
C) reward-personal goal
D) satisfaction-effort
E) personal goal-self actualization
105) According to the expectancy theory, the performance-reward relationship is the degree to
which ________.
A) the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to desired outcomes
B) organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s personal goals or needs
C) organizational rewards are perceived as attractive by the individual
D) the individual believes that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance
E) organization rewards correspond with the individual’s level of effort
106) Mark is an excellent technical writer. He has never missed a deadline and all his projects
are of superior quality. He now wants to telecommute two days a week, so that he can spend
more time with his family. He feels that he has proven his reliability. However, his boss is unable
to comply with his request and gives him a substantial raise instead. According to the expectancy
theory, Mark’s disappointment demonstrates a breakdown in the ________ relationship.
A) performance-reward
B) effort-performance
C) rewards-personal goals
D) effort-satisfaction
E) performance-achievement