57) Discuss the attribution theory.
58) Compare the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias.
59) Victoria Hastings works as a sales manager at a bank and her behavior is characterized by
the fundamental attribution error and halo effect. Explain with the help of an example what
Hastings’ behavior is most likely to be toward her team in such a situation.
60) Individuals engage in ________ because it is impossible for them to assimilate everything
they see and can take in only certain stimuli.
A) selective perception
B) cognitive dissonance
C) self-serving bias
D) emotional labor
E) self-fulfilling prophecy
61) You are more likely to notice a car like your own due to ________.
A) stereotyping
B) self-serving bias
C) halo effect
D) selective perception
E) contrast effect
62) Harriet Kirby, a fund raising manager at a women’s rights organization, experienced a bad
incident last year with the public relations manager of a banking company who had committed to
sponsor a charity event. The bank backed out at the last minute. This year, when a renowned
international bank executive showed interest in sponsoring the organization’s upcoming annual
event, Kirby rejected their participation. She felt that banks have a casual approach toward
charity events and it is risky to involve them in the event. Which of the following best
characterizes Kirby’s decision?
A) selective perception
B) cognitive dissonance
C) self-serving bias
D) bandwagon effect
E) self-fulfilling prophecy
63) ________ refers to the tendency of people to draw a general impression about an individual
on the basis of a single characteristic.
A) Confirmation bias
B) Self-serving bias
C) Randomness error
D) Halo effect
E) Hindsight bias
64) Amanda Winter worked as a public engagement coordinator at Safe Food Alliance until three
months ago when her manager, Laura Morris, promoted her to the position of a sustainable food
campaigner. However, soon after this, Laura noticed that Amanda was facing major difficulties
in achieving campaign milestones and the project was falling behind schedule due to her lack of
performance. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that Laura
was influenced by the halo effect in her decision to promote Amanda?
A) Laura is known to micromanage most of her projects.
B) Laura uses cultural stereotyping in order to speed up the process of decision making.
C) Laura has made good hiring decisions in the past and is known to be an unbiased judge of
character.
D) Laura sat in on only one of Amanda’s presentations prior to giving her the promotion.
E) Laura worked closely with Amanda over a period of eight months.
65) Which of the following describes the halo effect?
A) attributing our own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors
B) judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he or she belongs
C) interpreting a person’s behavior in comparison to others recently encountered
D) drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
E) underestimating the influence of external factors when making judgments about people
66) William Davies, a guest relations executive at a five star deluxe hotel, regularly interacts
with bureaucrats, politicians, celebrities, and other prosperous individuals. He feels that all rich
people are kind, hardworking, and friendly. Which of the following best characterizes Davies’
perception?
A) confirmation bias
B) self-serving bias
C) randomness error
D) halo effect
E) hindsight bias
67) ________ refers to the evaluation of a person’s characteristics that is affected by comparisons
with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
A) Halo effect
B) Contrast effect
C) Confirmation bias
D) Stereotyping
E) Anchoring bias
68) Which of the following statements is true regarding a contrast effect?
A) It attributes success to internal factors and blames failure on external factors.
B) It involves judging a person on the basis of perception of the group to which he or she
belongs.
C) It involves evaluation of a person’s features based on comparison with another person.
D) It indicates a tendency to draw a general conclusion about a person on the basis of one
feature.
E) It indicates a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to accept subsequent data.
69) Jessica recently joined a new company and was first introduced to Michelle, her cubicle
neighbor. Michelle came across as amiable and cheerful. During lunch she met another
colleague, Carrie, who did not come across as friendly as Michelle. In this situation, Jessica’s
interpretation of Carrie’s personality is most likely to be affected by ________.
A) confirmation bias
B) contrast effect
C) fundamental attribution error
D) self-serving bias
E) bandwagon effect
70) Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which the person belongs is
called ________.
A) confirmation bias
B) stereotyping
C) framing effect
D) self-serving bias
E) bandwagon effect
71) Which of the following is a shortcut used in judging others by making generalizations?
A) hindsight bias
B) randomness error
C) stereotyping
D) illusory superiority
E) telescoping effect
72) Rose Buffay needs to give a presentation to the board of directors of her organization next
week. She knows that her presentation will play an important role in her performance appraisal
in the next quarter. However, she knows that two of her colleagues, John Roy and Keith
Mathews, will also be giving a presentation on the same issue. She is nervous because she
believes that men have a better flair for giving presentations. Buffay’s perception of Roy and
Mathews is most likely characterized by ________.
A) a halo effect
B) a contrast effect
C) a hindsight bias
D) stereotyping
E) a confirmation bias
73) A manager believes that he should not hire older workers because they can’t learn new skills.
This belief is an example of ________.
A) an anchoring bias
B) a fundamental attribution error
C) a confirmation bias
D) a self-serving bias
E) stereotyping
74) Which of the following terms refers to choices made from among two or more alternatives?
A) inquiry
B) decision
C) perception
D) intuition
E) rationalization
75) A(n) ________ refers to a discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired
state.
A) problem
B) decision
C) instinct
D) intuition
E) perception
76) A candidate is likely to receive a more favorable evaluation if preceded by mediocre
applicants and a less favorable evaluation if preceded by strong applicants. This is an example of
the halo effect.
77) Stereotyping helps individuals make quick decisions through generalizations.
78) In an interview, information elicited early from an interviewee carries greater weight than
information elicited later.
79) Explain the relationship between decision making and perception.
80) Which of the following is a decision-making model that describes how individuals should
behave in order to maximize some outcome?
A) rational decision-making model
B) flexible decision-making model
C) distributive decision-making model
D) associative decision-making model
E) integrative decision-making model
81) Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational decision-making model?
A) It takes into consideration the limited information-processing capability of individuals.
B) It involves constructing simplified models without capturing all their complexity.
C) It deals with satisficing decisions by seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient.
D) It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner.
E) It is an unconscious decision-making process created from distilled experience.
82) What is the first step in the rational decision-making model?
A) developing alternatives
B) defining the problem
C) identifying the decision criteria
D) weighing the decision criteria
E) evaluating the alternatives
83) Anne Warner, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, is in charge of
implementing a campaign activity where she needs to increase the use of renewable energy in the
villages of Vietnam. For her project, she uses the rational decision-making model to implement
activities. She has just completed identifying an appropriate criteria for decision making and has
allocated weights to the criteria. Which of the following is Warner most likely to undertake next
according to the model?
A) develop options of wind, solar, and hydro energy
B) analyze the problems of the project
C) determine goals of the project
D) select hydro energy as the best option
E) weigh advantages between solar and wind energy
84) With reference to decision making, which of the following does satisficing involve?
A) weighing each criteria before making a decision
B) seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient
C) scrutinizing and evaluating each alternative in detail
D) selecting the best option with the highest utility
E) finding optimal solutions to problems