63.
(p. 84)
What are instrumental values?
A.
Values that are likely to maintain a high priority throughout your life
B.
Values that reflect the ways you prefer to behave
C.
Values that typically cause cognitive dissonance
D.
Values that are goals in themselves
64.
(p. 84)
Which of the following is a difference between terminal values and instrumental values?
A.
Instrumental values are likely to maintain high priority throughout your life, whereas
terminal values are short-term goals with little significance.
B.
Instrumental values are end-point ideal values, whereas terminal values are everyday
action-directed values.
C.
Terminal values are goals that you want to accomplish during your life time, whereas
instrumental values are related to long-term goals that you want to accomplish.
D.
Terminal values help you reach your goals, whereas instrumental values are those goals
you want to reach through the terminal values.
65.
(p. 84)
Which of the following statements is a defining feature of terminal values?
A.
They help you reach your goals.
B.
They are end-point ideal values.
C.
They are everyday action-directed attitudes.
D.
They reflect the ways you prefer to behave.
66.
(p. 84)
Which of the following is a defining feature of instrumental values?
A.
They are based on your actions and attitudes.
B.
They typically maintain high priority throughout your life.
C.
They are related to long-term goals.
D.
They are the goals you want to achieve during your lifetime.
67.
(p. 85)
Sydney is against all forms of cheating and works diligently for her semester examinations.
But during her financial accounting paper, she seeks help from her classmate. How is this
behavior most likely to affect Sydney?
A.
It could lead to cognitive dissonance.
B.
It could weaken Sydney’s external locus of control.
C.
It could lead to content conflict.
D.
It could strengthen Sydney’s internal locus of control.
68.
(p. 86)
Which of the following is an instrumental value?
A.
Family security
B.
Equal opportunity
C.
An enjoyable life
D.
Open-mindedness
69.
(p. 86)
Which of the following is a terminal value?
A.
Cleanliness
B.
Politeness
C.
Social respect
D.
Intelligence
Fill in the Blank Questions
70.
(p. 74)
A(n) _____ is an evaluation of people, ideas, issues, situations, or objects.
attitude
71.
(p. 74)
An attitude has three parts: thoughts, ____, and actions.
feelings
72.
(p. 76)
The most dangerous kind of pessimism is ____.
hopelessness
73.
(p. 76)
According to the famous psychiatrist Carl Jung, behavior of _____ is directed to the objects
in the external world.
extraverts
74.
(p. 76)
A(n) _____ is an outgoing person whose behavior is directed outward toward others.
extravert
75.
(p. 77)
A person with a positive attitude is more likely to have a(n) _____ locus of control.
internal
76.
(p. 77)
Someone who believes that other people, luck, chance, or fate are in charge of the events
in his/her life is said to have a(n) _____ locus of control.
external
77.
(p. 78)
According to Dr. David G. Myers, one can develop a positive attitude by ____.
acting happy
78.
(p. 78)
When giving attitude-improving feedback, you should deal with facts rather than opinions,
and _____ rather than judgments.
descriptions
79.
(p. 78)
A(n) _____ is information given to people either on how well they are performing a task, or
on how clearly they are being understood.
feedback
80.
(p. 79)
Job performance leads to job ____, rather than vice versa.
satisfaction
81.
(p. 80)
Mentally challenging work with which an employee can cope successfully helps in changing
an employee’s ____.
job attitude
82.
(p. 81)
A(n) _____ is a system of shared values throughout any given company or other
organization.
corporate culture
83.
(p. 81)
Material goods have _____ values.
tangible
84.
(p. 82)
Since the early 1970s, Americans insist much more strongly that jobs become less ____.
impersonal
85.
(p. 82)
According to author David Callahan, the “_____” thinking makes it more likely than in the
past that students will carry their questionable behavior into the workplace after they have
finished school.
bottom-line economy
86.
(p. 84)
_____ values are more likely to maintain a high priority throughout your life when compared
to instrumental values.
Terminal
87.
(p. 85)
People sometimes find themselves wanting two different outcomes that contradict each
other. This type of conflict is known as ____.
internal values conflict
88.
(p. 85)
_____ is the emotional state that results from acting in ways that contradict one’s beliefs or
other actions.
Cognitive dissonance
89.
(p. 86)
_____ is defined as a failure to confront your problem.
Denial
90.
(p. 87)
People from other cultures will define your values by your ____.
behavior
Short Answer Questions
91.
(p. 74)
What is the importance of attitude in an individual’s life?
An attitude has three parts: thoughts, feelings, and actions. Your attitudes toward people
are the result of the beliefs and feelings you have about yourself and about other people,
and attitudes directly affect your treatment of both. Your attitudes have a lot to do with
how you relate to others and to the world. Attitudes can make or break your relationships
with others.
92.
(p. 74)
In what ways does happiness relate to attitude?
Happiness is an attitude that most people strive to achieve. Many studies have shown that
you can choose to have a happy or positive attitude. Whether or not you are happy has little
to do with the traditional factors people usually connect with happiness. Happiness doesn’t
seem to have much to do with a person’s age, gender, occupation, or wealth.
93.
(p. 76)
Describe the nature of an extravert?
An extravert is an outgoing person—one whose behavior is directed outward toward others.
Carl Jung had said that the behavior of extraverts is directed to the objects in the external
world.
94.
(p. 76)
How is extraversion related to one’s level of self-esteem?
Extraversion is directly related to one’s level of self–esteem. People who feel comfortable in
new situations and who feel certain that others will accept them are usually people with
relatively high self-esteem. These people will most likely be relatively happy at work and in
their personal lives.
95.
(p. 76)
How do optimists and pessimists deal with problem situations?
Optimists try to find solutions to their problems; they rely on social support from others to
help them through rough times; and they look for positives in problem situations.
Pessimists tend to deny that problems exist, and they focus on their negative feelings
instead of on solving their problems.
96.
(p. 76)
Why is hopelessness the most dangerous kind of pessimism?
Feeling hopeless leads to feeling helpless, this often results in giving up. Hopelessness can
even be deadly: In one study, men in Finland who reported feeling moderately hopeless or
very hopeless had a death rate two to three times higher than men who reported feeling
little or no hopelessness.
97.
(p. 77)
How does a person’s internal locus of control affect his or her attitude?
A person with a positive attitude is more likely to have an internal locus of control. Happy
people control their own destinies; they control their own futures. They plan and manage
their time well.
98.
(p. 78)
What constitutes an effective attitude-improving feedback?
When giving attitude-improving feedback, you should be sure to deal with facts rather than
opinions, and descriptions rather than judgments.
99.
(p. 79)
What determines an employee’s degree of job satisfaction?
A person’s satisfaction with work is directly related to attitude. The degree of satisfaction
any employee feels is based on the extent to which the job and benefits associated with it
fulfill that employee’s needs and desires.
100.
(p. 81)
What role do values play in establishing human relations?
Values are especially important to understanding human behavior. Conflicts between
employees, as well as between managers and employees, often are based on differences in
values. When you seem to be at odds with another person, take a look at how your basic
values differ. When you seem to be in conflict with your company, examine the company’s
value system against your own.
101.
(p. 81)
How do values differ from attitudes?
Attitudes are often affected by values, and values conflicts with other people certainly
involve attitude problems—but values are a deeper, and in some ways, more important part
of everyone’s lives and organizations.
102.
(p. 81)
How are personal values formed?
Personal values are formed in early childhood and are affected strongly by the values of
parents and the child’s environment. The place and time period of the first few years of
most people’s lives have a great effect on the formation of values.
103.
(p. 81)
What is a corporate culture?
A corporate culture is a system of shared values and assumptions throughout an
organization.
104.
(p. 81)
What are tangible and intangible values?
Tangible values are something real in the physical sense, such as material goods while
intangible values are something that is not real to the touch, but exists in connection to
something else. For example, a book has a value in terms of price (tangible value) while the
information contained in the book adds knowledge (intangible value) to the reader.
105.
(p. 82)
According to Daniel Yankelovich, which three value patterns related to work and home life
have emerged since the early 1970s?
According to Daniel Yankelovich, the nature of a person’s paid job is now much more
significant; leisure time is more valued, mostly because it has become a rarer commodity;
Americans now insist much more strongly that jobs become less impersonal, and more
human and humane.
106.
(p. 82)
How is the Internet changing consumer behavior?
Consumers are now demanding to be treated as equals to those who sell products and
services. Many online companies actually allow customers to name their prices and thus to
hold unprecedented power in the transaction process.
107.
(p. 84)
What are terminal values?
Terminal values (or end-point ideal values) are likely to maintain a high priority throughout
your life. These will often be related to long-term goals that you want to accomplish during
your lifetime.
108.
(p. 84)
What are instrumental values?
Instrumental values (or everyday action-directed attitudes) reflect the ways you prefer to
behave. They are based on your actions and attitudes.
109.
(p. 84)
How can a person deal with interpersonal values conflicts?
To deal with such potential problems, you are often called upon to look closely at your own
values, trying whenever possible to understand and accept the values of others without
compromising your personal integrity.
110.
(p. 87)
What is the usual reaction of people when they experience cognitive dissonance?
When people experience cognitive dissonance, they might try to make themselves appear
more consistent and to lessen the stress caused by cognitive dissonance. All humans seem
to need to justify their actions and make consistent sense out of their own contradictions.
This process often happens instantly and without much deliberate thought.
111.
(p. 88)
How do views on power and authority differ between emerging countries and the United
States?
In many emerging countries, the prevailing attitude is that what a manager says must be
followed without question. The practices of power sharing and group decision-making in
the United States seem strange and unfamiliar to many people of other cultures. They
follow the traditional values of the top-down organization and often must be urged to
participate, even in decisions that affect them personally.
112.
(p. 89)
How should North Americans deal with less time-focused cultures?
When dealing with less time-focused cultures, North Americans need to learn to relax and
behave in the others’ time context. They especially need to examine the high value they
place on time.