Chapter 04 – Learning and Transfer of Training
Chapter 4
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following statements is true of training?
a. Recognizing employees’ preferences regarding how they want to learn is not advisable
in training.
b. It is important to realize that for training to be effective, both learning and transfer of
training are needed.
c. Transfer of training is to be considered only after the completion of training.
d. Transfer of training involves having employees who already have mastered the learning
outcomes demonstrate them for trainees.
2. Which of the following examples best reflects attitude as a learning outcome?
a. State three reasons for following company safety procedures.
b. Design and code a computer program that meets customer requirements.
c. Choose to respond to all incoming mail within 24 hours.
d. Shoot a gun and consistently hit a small moving target.
3. _____ relates to the learner’s decision regarding what information to attend to, how to
remember, and how to solve problems.
a. Cognitive strategy
b. Motor skill
c. Attitude
d. Verbal information
4. Which of the following types of learning outcome is reflected through the ability to design
and code a computer program that meets customer requirements?
a. Cognitive strategies
b. Attitudes
c. Intellectual skills
d. Motor skills
Chapter 04 – Learning and Transfer of Training
5.Intellectual skill as a learning outcome primarily includes the capability to:
a. state or describe previously stored information.
b. apply generalizable concepts and rules to solve complex problems.
c. execute a physical action with precision and timing.
d. choose a personal course of action.
6. Behavior modification is a training method that is primarily based on _____.
a. goal setting theory
b. information processing theory
c. expectancy theory
d. reinforcement theory
7. The training implication of _____ theory includes a trainer identifying the outcomes that a
learner considers most positive or negative.
a. information processing
b. identical elements
c. reinforcement
d. David McClelland’s need
8. According to the _____ theory, models’ behavior or skill that is rewarded is adopted by an
observer.
a. information processing
b. social learning
c. expectancy
d. goal setting
9. _____ is a person’s judgment about whether he or she can successfully learn knowledge
and skills.
a. Self-efficacy
b. Self-actualization
c. Self-esteem
d. Self-concept
Chapter 04 – Learning and Transfer of Training
10. Logical verification to increase self-efficacy typically involves:
a. perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task already mastered.
b. trying out the observed behaviors to see if they result in the same reinforcement that a
model received.
c. motivating trainees by having employees who have mastered the learning outcomes
demonstrate them for trainees.
d. determining the degree of support and negative consequences in the work setting for
using newly acquired capabilities.
11. Kenneth, an operations manager has been assigned to train a group of older employees in
the logistics department. He has to train them to use the new computer software which was
installed recently. He does so by reminding them that they were quick in learning to use the
previous software. Kenneth is typically trying to _____.
a. increase the employees’ self-efficacy
b. deter expectancies of the employees
c. create motor reproduction
d. raise the valence of the behavior
12. Which of the following creates a learning orientation in trainees?
a. Emphasizing trained task performance
b. Emphasizing competition among trainees
c. Ensuring trainees completely avoid errors and mistakes
d. Allowing trainees to experiment with new knowledge and skills
13. In expectancy theory, a belief that performing a given behavior is associated with a
particular outcome is called _____.
a. valence
b. instrumentality
c. maintenance
d. generalizing
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14. According to the _____, transfer will be maximized to the degree that the tasks, materials,
equipment, and other characteristics of the learning environment are similar to those
encountered in the work environment.
a. theory of identical elements
b. stimulus generalization approach
c. cognitive theory of transfer
d. information processing theory
15. Which of the following statements is true of closed skills?
a. They require the trainee to adapt the general principles to fit a wide range of
circumstances.
b. They refer to training objectives that are linked to general learning principles.
c. They refer to training objectives that are linked to learning specific skills that are to be
identically produced by the trainee on their job.
d. They are more difficult to train than open skills.
16. _____ is a learning process that involves identifying learned material in long-term memory
and using it to influence performance.
a. Generalizing
b. Semantic encoding
c. Retrieval
d. Gratifying
17. In the learning processes, semantic encoding typically involves:
a. informing learners of the lesson objective.
b. providing learning guidance to the learners.
c. providing learners cues that are used in recall.
d. providing feedback about performance correctness.
18. Which of the following statements is true of organizing as a learning strategy?
a. It focuses on memorization of training content.
b. It focuses on learning through repetition of training content.
c. It requires the learner to find similarities and themes in the training material.
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d. It requires the trainee to relate the training material to other, more familiar knowledge,
skills, or behaviors.
19. The learning cycle for a trainee begins with a(n) _____.
a. reflective observation
b. concrete experience
c. abstract conceptualization
d. active experimentation
20. Good decisiveness, practical application of ideas, and hypothetical deductive reasoning are
learning characteristics of individuals in the _____ learning style.
a. converger
b. diverger
c. assimilator
d. accommodator
21. _____ refers to individual control over one’s thinking.
a. Modeling
b. Instrumentality
c. Valence
d. Metacognition
22. _____ refers to the learner’s involvement with the training material and assessing their
progress toward learning.
a. Automatization
b. Self-regulation
c. Elaboration
d. Generalization
23. Learner-learner interaction is most appropriate when learners have to:
a. master a task that is completed alone.
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b. maximize their critical thinking and analysis skills.
c. acquire personal knowledge based on experience.
d. enhance their self-awareness and self-assessment.
24. Which of the following is a disadvantage of communities of practice (COPs)?
a. Employees are reluctant to participate without an incentive and fear sharing their
knowledge with others.
b. They are not naturally occurring in companies; hence, they have to be forced.
c. Social interaction is discouraged; hence, learning occurs off the job.
d. They make it tedious for employees to share best practices, learn from one another, and
improve business processes.
25. Lapses that inhibit transfer of training typically take place when trainees:
a. use previously learned, less effective capabilities instead of applying the capabilities
emphasized in the training program.
b. make performance of a task, recall of knowledge, or demonstration of a skill so
automatic that it requires little thought or attention.
c. complete practice exercises at one time within a lesson or class rather than distributing
the exercises within the lesson.
d. identify learned material in long-term memory and use it to influence performance.
26. Which of the following is an example of the internal conditions necessary for learning
outcomes?
a. Providing trainees opportunities to practice new skills
b. Strong message provided to trainees from credible source
c. Verbal description of strategy
d. Recall of prerequisites, similar tasks, and strategies
True/False
1. Feedback from trainers and coaches deters training.
a. True
b. False
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2. Recognizing that employees have preferences regarding how they want to learn is a good
practice in training.
a. True
b. False
3. Developing a computer program that meets customer specifications is an example of an
intellectual skills learning outcome.
a. True
b. False
4. Instruction refers to the trainer’s manipulation of the environment in order to help trainees
learn.
a. True
b. False
5. The adult learning theory assumes that adults enter a learning experience with a subject-
centered approach instead of problem-centered approach to learning.
a. True
b. False
6. Individuals with a learning orientation find that errors and mistakes cause anxiety and thus
want to avoid them.
a. True
b. False
7. Expectancy is similar to self-efficacy.
a. True
b. False
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8. Most educational theories have been developed exclusively to educate children and youths.
a. True
b. False
9. Open skills refer to training objectives that are linked to learning specific skills that are to
be identically produced by the trainee on their job.
a. True
b. False
10. Identical elements theory does not encourage transfer where the learning environment and
the training environment are not necessarily identical.
a. True
b. False
11. The stimulus generalization approach emphasizes near transfer of training.
a. True
b. False
12. The working storage and semantic encoding processes of learning both relate to short-term
memory.
a. True
b. False
13. The objective of training should not describe performance that cannot be observed, such as
“understand” or “know.”
a. True
b. False
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14. In learning, it is best to include a combination of examples and practice, rather than all
practice.
a. True
b. False
15. Learning will occur if employees practice only by talking about what they are expected to
do.
a. True
b. False
16. In error management training, trainees are instructed that errors hamper learning and hence
they must be completely avoided.
a. True
b. False
17. For more complex tasks, relatively long rest periods appear to be beneficial for task
learning.
a. True
b. False
18. Automatization of tasks increases memory demands.
a. True
b. False
19. Less specific feedback provide trainees with better opportunities to learn compared to
highly specific feedback.
a. True
Chapter 04 – Learning and Transfer of Training
b. False
20. Closed skills include prescribed behaviors that are highly influenced by managers, peers,
and the work environment.
a. True
b. False
Short Answer/Essay
1. What are the underlying assumptions of Knowles’s adult learning theory?
2. List some useful techniques for convincing trainees that the training program content is
meaningful.
Chapter 04 – Learning and Transfer of Training
3. What is error management training?
4. What are communities of practice (COPs)? What are its drawbacks?
Chapter 04 – Learning and Transfer of Training
5. What does training administration involve?