57.
(p. 59)
According to John Powell’s levels of self-disclosure, what do two people experience during
peak communications?
A.
They feel apprehensive and experience a general sense of foreboding.
B.
They experience relief because the other person hasn’t discovered who they truly are.
C.
They remain emotionally stable because it is a risk-free conversation.
D.
They feel an almost perfect and mutual empathy between themselves.
58.
(p. 59)
Which level of self-disclosure identified by John Powell represents real communication?
A.
Cliché conversation
B.
C.
Expressing ideas and judgments
D.
Reporting facts about others
59.
(p. 59)
Which of the following is a benefit of gut-level communication?
A.
A risk-free and non-threatening conversation
B.
Better understanding among people
C.
Perfect mutual empathy between people
D.
Lesser dependency on other people
60.
(p. 61)
According to psychologist R. D. Laing, how do our assumptions and hunches about others
affect us?
A.
They keep us from operating in the real world.
B.
They help us develop trust in a relationship.
C.
They help us understand people better.
D.
They help us in adapting ourselves to the real world.
Fill in the Blank Questions
61.
(p. 50)
____ refers to the ability to see yourself realistically, without a great deal of difference
between what you are and how you assume others see you.
Self-awareness
62.
(p. 51)
The four ways of relating to others are illustrated by the panes in the ____.
Johari Window
63.
(p. 51)
The _____ is the pane of the Johari Window that contains information that you know about
yourself and have no reason to hide from most people.
open pane
64.
(p. 52)
In the context of the Johari Window, the size of the _____ pane increases with your desire
to be known and understood.
open
65.
(p. 52)
The _____ is the pane of the Johari Window that contains information and feelings that you
are aware of but hide from other people.
hidden pane
66.
(p. 53)
In the context of the Johari Window, if you are shy or secretive, your _____ pane might be
quite large.
hidden
3-16
67.
(p. 53)
The _____ is the pane of the Johari Window that contains everything about you that other
people can see but you can’t.
blind pane
68.
(p. 53)
The _____ is the pane of the Johari Window that can include childhood memories that
people block out for various reasons.
unknown pane
69.
(p. 54)
_____ allows people to know themselves and those around them better.
Self-disclosure
70.
(p. 55)
Psychologist _____ wrote that the purpose of self-disclosure is to own one’s own feelings,
claiming one’s own secrets in a way that allows people to be aware of them and content in
them.
Frederick Perls
71.
(p. 56)
Failing to _____ may result in the loss of relationships with others, the slowdown of
personal growth, the waste of time and energy, and the loss of a sense of identity.
self-disclose
72.
(p. 57)
The level of communication with the least amount of self-disclosure, including niceties
such as “Have a nice day” is called ____.
cliche conversation
73.
(p. 57)
Author _____ identified five general levels of self-disclosure.
John Powell
74.
(p. 57)
According to John Powell, _____ is the level of communication that most people rely upon
during part of every day.
cliche conversation
75.
(p. 58)
Cliché conversation is _____ in a real sense.
nonconversation
76.
(p. 58)
According to John Powell’s levels of self-disclosure, what you say at the level of _____ is
filtered through some self-censorship.
expressing ideas and judgments
77.
(p. 59)
According to John Powell’s levels of self-disclosure, you begin to apply genuine self–
disclosure at the _____ of communication.
gut level
78.
(p. 59)
According to John Powell, when a _____ experience occurs, “the two persons will feel an
almost perfect and mutual empathy.”
peak communication
79.
(p. 59)
According to John Powell, _____ is the level of communication that is characterized by
complete openness and honest self-disclosure.
peak communication
80.
(p. 60)
John Powell believes that silence tends to promote involvement only in _____ relationships,
which have little benefit for the individual or company.
fraudulent
Short Answer Questions
81.
(p. 50)
In the context of how awareness-related barriers impact human relations, explain why
people build walls around themselves.
Many people spend much of their lives building walls. In other words, they develop traits
such as secrecy, dishonesty, or other defenses to prevent people from determining their
true thoughts and motives. These people often believe that if these walls are not there,
catastrophes such as rejection and loneliness will result. Also, once the walls are in place,
the people who built them often forget they are there.
82.
(p. 52–
53)
Briefly describe the hidden pane of the Johari Window.
The hidden pane of the Johari Window contains information and feelings that you are
aware of but hide from other people. People possess a great deal of private information,
including information that they are ashamed of or afraid to share with others, such as
things they regret or consider failures. If you are shy or secretive, your hidden pane might
be quite large. As a close relationship develops and the open pane grows bigger, the
hidden pane will become smaller. Increased trust in someone will help you decrease the
size of the hidden pane. You will withhold fewer and fewer details about yourself.
83.
(p. 53)
Why is the unknown pane more exciting than the blind pane?
The unknown pane contains all of the experiences, feelings, fantasies, and possibilities
that people repress. It can be reduced in size by developing a close friendship. For the
same reason, this can be an even more exciting pane than the blind pane. Information and
emotions that are repressed often come out in dreams, fantasies, and even slips of the
tongue. Once these desires or fears are recognized, the person can then open avenues of
self-knowledge and make changes in his or her life.
84.
(p. 53)
Briefly describe the blind pane of the Johari Window.
The blind pane of the Johari Window contains everything about you that other people can
see but you can’t. This pane can be disturbing to people who would rather not believe that
others see personality traits that they don’t see in themselves. The blind pane can hide
good qualities in people as well as bad traits. This pane can shrink if you heed another
person’s encouragement and allow yourself to look into your blind areas to a greater extent.
85.
(p. 54)
What legitimate reasons do people use to justify withholding the truth?
People often justify withholding the truth for legitimate reasons such as the need to get
along with others and have others like them, or they avoid telling the truth to protect other
people’s feelings.
86.
(p. 54)
List the reasons for avoiding self-disclosure that do not allow people to develop
emotionally.
People avoid self-disclosure in order to: feel all-powerful; control the feelings of others;
feel superior to those around them; believe that they are perfect; have everyone’s approval;
feel safe from people who might challenge them; deny that they have problems; avoid the
fear that they aren’t lovable; and avoid feelings of inadequacy.
87.
(p. 54–
55)
Describe the reasons for avoiding disclosure that stems from childhood experiences.
Many people learn very early to shut away large parts of themselves in the hidden pane.
Sometimes, people are shamed or punished during childhood for showing pride, anger, or
some other emotion, or they may have been taught to hide strong emotions from others. If
a young child’s emotions or opinions are silenced, those emotions can remain hidden for
the rest of that person’s life.
88.
(p. 56)
How does refraining from self-disclosure waste time and energy?
It takes a lot of energy to create a false image. It requires constant self-awareness to
ensure that you are maintaining the image. In this way, people waste time and energy that
could be better spent on working, loving, or just having fun. Another related energy drain is
the fear of being discovered. People are more willing than you may think to accept you for
who you are.
89.
(p. 57)
List the five levels of self-disclosure identified by John Powell.
The five levels of self-disclosure identified by John Powell are:
(1) Cliché conversation
(2) Reporting the facts about others
(3) Expressing ideas and judgments
(4) Gut-level communication
(5) Peak communication
90.
(p. 58)
Why is cliché conversation a nonconversation in the real sense?
A cliché conversation is a nonconversation in the real sense because as a speaker in such
a conversation, you are called upon to disclose very little, and you ask little of the other
person in return. Everyone remains emotionally safe. Nobody will challenge or threaten you,
but then nobody receives any real rewards, either.
91.
(p. 59)
Do peak communications happen regularly? Provide examples of instances that may trigger
them.
A peak communication experience does not occur very often. Such experiences can be
triggered by unexpected events. For instance, a death in the family, winning the lottery, or
experiencing an automobile accident could all create similar responses in how you
automatic response.
92.
(p. 59)
How does gut-level communication benefit a workplace?
When people communicate on the gut level, human relationships grow, people understand
themselves better, and conflict is reduced. In work environments, such benefits translate
into greater efficiency and productivity throughout the organization.
93.
(p. 59)
According to John Powell’s levels of self-disclosure, briefly describe the highest level of
self-disclosure.
Level 1 is based on the peak experience concept developed by Abraham Maslow, the first
social scientist to study peak experiences. Maslow stated that the spiritual, emotional, and
aesthetic high points in people’s lives do not happen very often, but when they do, they
create memories that help sustain them during ordinary nonpeak times. Powell translates
this idea into communication. Like Maslow’s peak experience, a peak communication
experience does not occur very often. When it does, though, as Powell suggests, “The two
persons will feel an almost perfect and mutual empathy.” The more often Level 1 self-
disclosure takes place, the more you invite close relationships that can lead to enhanced
opportunities for peak communication. Nobody should expect peak communication to
happen regularly. Such experiences can be triggered by unexpected events. For instance, a
death in the family, winning the lottery, or experiencing an automobile accident could all
create similar responses in how you communicate with others. In cases like these, self–
disclosure is often not a choice, but an automatic response.
94.
(p. 60)
How does gut-level communication improve relationships?
The most important benefit of communicating on the gut level is that relationships often
grow stronger. With gut level communication, genuine emotions and viewpoints are shared,
giving each person a stronger sense of identity. If you communicate your true thoughts and
feelings, the things you have in common with others will become increasingly obvious.
95.
(p. 60)
Explain how a gut-level conversation brings out the honesty in others.
One of the advantages of gut-level disclosure is that it encourages openness and honesty
in others. If you want someone to communicate more openly with you, try self-disclosing
first. When you are bold enough to break the ice, the other person may be reassured and
inspired to do the same.
96.
(p. 61–
62)
List the fears that stop people from self-disclosing.
The fears of self-disclosing include:
(1) Losing control of a conversation or relationship.
(2) Becoming trapped or controlled by someone else.
(3) Facing something unpleasant within yourself.
(4) Losing self-respect.
97.
(p. 62)
When does overdisclosure occur?
Overdisclosing often happens when a person feels socially awkward and is trying to make
conversation. Problems occur when someone goes too far in self disclosing. A person who
overdiscloses may be seen as insecure, and may be judged as acting inappropriately. Being
aware of overdisclosure will help you avoid falling into this situation.
98.
(p. 63)
How can you avoid over-disclosing or under-disclosing information when you are meeting
someone for the first time?
You can minimize your uncertainty by allowing the other person to take the lead. By staying
within the self-disclosure limits exhibited by the other person, you will be less likely to
over- or under-disclose.
99.
(p. 63–
64)
List the three suggestions offered by Dale Carnegie for moving ahead even when fear is
present.
In order to prepare oneself for moving ahead even when fear is present, one must start
with the worst possible scenario, prepare himself to accept the worst possible outcome,
and proceed with a plan.
3-25
100.
(p. 64)
How do you prepare yourself to accept the worst possible outcome?
You should be willing to accept the worst possible outcome. Consider whether you’re
feeling strong enough to survive the worst that could happen. Adopt the frame of mind that
you are ready for whatever happens and that you will not let it get you down. Last but not
the least, you should prepare yourself for the fact that anxiety might overtake you during
some moments, but try not to let fear discourage you.