54.
(p. 33)
Self-efficacy is the:
A.
use of a single strength to make up for a real or perceived weakness.
B.
individual’s vision of his or her future self.
C.
way an individual conceives or sees himself or herself.
D.
confidence an individual has in his or her ability to deal with problems.
55.
(p. 34)
Which of the following is a source of self-esteem?
A.
The messages we receive from our parents and others around us
B.
C.
The external locus of control that we develop during our childhood
D.
The emotional problems that we need to attend to
56.
(p. 34)
How did Carl Rogers revolutionize the way psychologists thought of therapy?
A.
He developed theories about the inferiority complex and about compensation for
feelings of deficiency compared with others.
B.
He believed clients understood their own problems and experiences, and that the
therapist’s role was that of a consultant in assisting client treatment.
C.
He refined social learning theory to say that personality comes from an interaction of
the individual with his or her environment.
D.
He developed the theory of the self-fulfilling prophecy.
57.
(p. 34)
What is unconditional positive regard?
A.
The acceptance of individuals as worthy when they behave in a certain way.
B.
The acceptance of individuals as worthy and valuable regardless of their behavior.
C.
The attempt by parents to improve their children’s behavior by comparing them to
others.
D.
The rejection of children by their parents as inherently worthless unless otherwise
proven by their behavior.
58.
(p. 34)
How does conditional positive regard affect children?
A.
Children may develop an unattainable real self.
B.
Children will develop an external locus of control.
C.
Children may become confused on what constitutes good or bad behavior.
D.
Children will never try to measure up to others’ standards.
59.
(p. 35)
_____ coined the term inferiority complex.
A.
Carl Rogers
B.
Julian Rotter
C.
Eric Bern
D.
Alfred Adler
60.
(p. 31–
35)
Which of the following is the most effective self-esteem affirmation?
A.
“I want to be a great success.”
B.
“I am responsible for my own choices.”
C.
“I do not like myself and anyone around me.”
2-15
Fill in the Blank Questions
61.
(p. 28)
_____ is the foundation of all your thoughts about yourself, including your self–esteem.
Self-concept
62.
(p. 29)
Some parents present their children with a picture of how the children must act to win
approval. Such parents are said to hold ____.
conditional positive regard
63.
(p. 29)
The _____ self is the self that you assume others see when they look at you.
looking-glass
64.
(p. 30)
_____ is the way you honestly feel about yourself.
Self-image
65.
(p. 30)
The process of discovering your _____ is known as developing your self-awareness.
real self
66.
(p. 30)
According to Carl Rogers, your _____ comes from the messages you receive from your
parents and people around you about what you should be like.
ideal self
2-16
67.
(p. 30)
Carl Rogers believed that in order to have a healthy ____, people need to work on making
the ideal and real selves much closer.
self-concept
68.
(p. 32)
_____ occurs when individuals are unable to see themselves as capable, sufficient, or
worthy.
Lower self-esteem
69.
(p. 33)
Psychological research finds that people with _____ self-esteem often feel self-conscious
and vulnerable to rejection.
lower
70.
(p. 33)
_____ is associated with low job satisfaction and has even been linked to a higher
likelihood of unemployment.
Low self-esteem
71.
(p. 33)
When people with a(n) _____ self-esteem tackle problems, they tend to be more objective
and constructive.
healthy
72.
(p. 33)
_____ is the confidence an individual has in his or her ability to deal with problems when
they occur.
Self-efficacy
2-17
73.
(p. 34)
Self-esteem starts to develop in _____ from messages we receive from parents and others
around us.
early childhood
74.
(p. 34)
The acceptance of individuals as worthy and valuable regardless of their behavior is
referred to as ____.
unconditional positive regard
75.
(p. 34)
When parents show children _____ then children may not develop a healthy self-esteem.
conditional positive regard
76.
(p. 34)
When your parents and other important people treat you with ____, then you are likely to
develop a healthy self-esteem.
unconditional positive regard
77.
(p. 35)
Alfred Adler believed that the main motivation for everything people do, including efforts
toward a successful career, is to get away from a(n) _____ that they are not as good as they
should be.
deep childhood-based feeling
78.
(p. 36)
People with a(n) _____ locus of control feel that they are in control of events in their own
lives and have more of a take-charge attitude.
internal
79.
(p. 36)
People with a(n) _____ locus of control feel that the world is happening to them, and that
they have no control over the events in their lives.
external
80.
(p. 38)
A(n) _____ is someone who will walk you through experiences that are new to you, but that
he or she has already been through.
mentor
Short Answer Questions
81.
(p. 28)
How does one’s self-concept lead to a vicious cycle?
Our everyday actions tend to affect our self-concept; in turn our self-concept affects our
behavior. This interrelation leads to a vicious cycle when a negative self-concept leads to
negative behavior and vice versa; both stimulating and reinforcing each other.
82.
(p. 29)
List two common mistakes people make about their ideal self?
One common mistake that people make about their ideal self is to think that they have
already reached their ideal, when actually they still have a long way to go. Another mistake
is to create an ideal self that is unrealistic and unattainable.
83.
(p. 30)
How do the things that you say affect your self-image?
Things we say to ourselves or to others program our self-image. For example, if we say that
we are losers, bumbling idiots or whatever other negative descriptions we may use; our
self-image will automatically memorize that message for future use. Fortunately, the
opposite is also true: if we use positive words and phrases to describe ourselves, those
messages will also become a part of our memory, helping us to achieve our goals and
increase our level of happiness.
84.
(p. 30)
What happens when the ideal self and the real self are not close to each other?
When the real self and ideal self are not very close, people feel bad about themselves.
They can become depressed and unhappy and can have a lowered opinion of themselves.
85.
(p. 31)
In the context of Mary Pipher’s studies, explain how media messages affect young girls
growing up in America.
According to psychologist and author Mary Pipher, girls grow up in American culture
surrounded by media messages that they are valued for their physical appearance, while
their intelligence and other qualities are devalued. Girls then blame themselves for not
being pretty enough, and their self-concept can be damaged in the process.
86.
(p. 32)
Why is liking and accepting yourself the most important skill you can learn in life?
Liking and accepting ourselves is one of the most important skills we can learn in life
because all of the relationships we have with other people are affected by the way we see
ourselves, accept or reject ourselves, and assume others feel about us.
87.
(p. 32)
Why do some people brag about themselves?
Most people who always need to talk about their accomplishments are actually
compensating in some way for low self-esteem. Another form of compensating is when
people focus on a single strength (such as good looks, mental ability, or athletic skills) to
make up for their overall bad feelings about themselves.
88.
(p. 33)
How does a person with high self-esteem perform at his or her workplace?
A person with healthy self-esteem will be open and ready for new experiences. On the job,
this readiness translates into usefulness and adaptability. When they tackle problems, they
tend to be more objective and constructive. They can more readily accept their co-workers
and take criticism from others in their work team.
89.
(p. 33)
Describe the two types of self-esteem.
Currently, researchers describe two different types of self-esteem: (1) feelings, either
positive or negative, about self-worth, and (2) confidence in the ability to deal with
problems when they happen, often called self–efficacy. The first type has to do with how
we feel about ourselves when we are alone. The second type has to do with actions,
problem solving, and the ability to succeed at particular tasks.
90.
(p. 34)
In the context of Carl Roger’s studies, explain the source of self-esteem?
According to the well-known psychologist Carl Rogers, the sense of self is a guiding
principle that structures the personality. Though inborn, the sense of self is shaped by
many outside forces. In young children, self-esteem is just a reflection of the esteem that
parents and others have for the child; it develops as children react to the ways that
important people treat them.
91.
(p. 34)
How does conditional positive regard affect children?
When parents show children conditional positive regard, the children may not develop a
healthy self-esteem. Children may have a hard time understanding the mixed messages
from the parents and thus become confused on what constitutes proper behavior. Children
also tend to develop lower self-esteem and consider themselves incapable of the right
behavior.
92.
(p. 35)
What did Alfred Adler discover about conditional positive regard?
Adler believed that the main motivation for everything people do, including efforts toward a
successful career, is to get away from a deep childhood-based feeling that they are not as
good as they should be—that they are not perfect. “In comparison with unattainable ideal
perfection,” he wrote, “the individual is continuously filled by an inferiority feeling and
motivated by it.”
93.
(p. 36)
If a student who failed in an exam has an external locus of control, how would he or she
respond to the failure?
The student will tend to blame external factors for the failure. He or she may justify the
failure by saying, “Those questions were all too tricky. I can’t help it if all the questions
came from the chapters that I didn’t understand. The instructor is probably just out to get
me, anyway. I don’t think she likes me.”
94.
(p. 37)
How does reading biographies of people you admire help you achieve higher self-esteem?
We can pick up many self-esteem hints by reading biographies. Rather than getting carried
away by admiration for the success stories of others, we should start thinking of healthy
self-esteem as something that we already have. We often lose touch with our healthy self–
esteem. Seeing ourselves when reading or watching biographies will help us discover a lost
treasure—our self-worth.
95.
(p. 38)
How will procrastination affect an individual?
Procrastination can hurt self-esteem a great deal. When we are not working toward goals,
this can easily bring our self-esteem even lower.
96.
(p. 38)
Describe a mentor.
A mentor is someone who walks us through experiences that are new to us, but that he or
she has already been through. True mentoring involves two people communicating well,
one mostly teaching and the other mostly learning.
97.
(p. 38)
What is the difference between a role model and a mentor?
A role model is someone we can look up to for guidance by example, but who isn’t
necessarily actively interacting with us. A mentor is someone who walks us through
experiences that are new to us, but that he or she has already been through. A role model
can help us, although we will be doing most or all of the work, while mentoring involves two
people communicating well, one mostly teaching and the other mostly learning.
98.
(p. 38)
List the benefits of positive self-talk.
It is a popular method of building self-esteem by thinking and speaking positively about
oneself. Positive self-talk helps because words are powerful healers. The way we talk to
others and to ourselves about ourselves can be a strong force for change in our lives.
Positive self-talk means telling our subconscious mind that we are good and doing fine.
99.
(p. 38)
Why are self-esteem affirmations effective?
Self-esteem affirmations work because of what psychologists call the self-fulfilling
prophecy, also referred to as the power of self-suggestion. This means that when we
believe something strongly enough, it becomes a reality: by our beliefs and the actions that
follow, we fulfill the prophecy or expectation we hold about our future behavior.
100.
(p. 40)
What is a pathological critic?
Psychologist Eugene Sagan believes that most people have a negative inner voice that
attacks and negatively judges their worth. He calls this voice the pathological critic. This
critic came from the “shoulds” that parents and other adults give children while they are
young.