Chapter 02 Self-Concept and Self-Esteem in Human Relations
True / False Questions
1.
(p. 28)
Self-esteem is the way you conceive of or see yourself.
FALSE
2.
(p. 28)
To minimize the effects of the vicious cycle of negative self-concept leading to negative
behavior, you must analyze who started the cycle.
FALSE
3.
(p. 28)
Ideal self is your vision of your future self.
TRUE
4.
(p. 29)
Parents who present their children with a picture of how the children must act to win
approval are said to hold “conditional positive regard” for their children.
TRUE
5.
(p. 29)
Self-image is the self that you assume others see when they look at you.
FALSE
6.
(p. 29)
The looking-glass self is affected by your view of reality.
TRUE
2-2
7.
(p. 30)
Self-image can be programmed by the things you say to yourself or others.
TRUE
8.
(p. 30)
The process of discovering your looking-glass self is known as developing your self–
awareness.
FALSE
9.
(p. 31)
Having a healthy self-concept means not allowing yourself to be a slave to other people’s
opinions.
TRUE
10.
(p. 31)
Self-esteem can be defined as the extent to which an individual believes him– or herself to
be capable, sufficient, and worthy.
TRUE
11.
(p. 32)
Most people who always need to tell about their accomplishments are actually
compensating in some way for low self-esteem.
TRUE
12.
(p. 32)
Focusing on a single strength to compensate for overall bad feelings about oneself is a
good way to build higher self-esteem.
FALSE
13.
(p. 33)
People with low self-esteem can more readily accept their co-workers and take criticism
from others in their work teams.
FALSE
2-3
14.
(p. 34)
Children are most likely to develop a healthy self-esteem when parents show “conditional
positive regard” toward them.
FALSE
15.
(p. 34)
According to psychologist Carl Rogers, the sense of self is a guiding principle that
structures the personality.
TRUE
16.
(p. 34)
During childhood, parents are the most important people among those shaping self–
esteem.
TRUE
17.
(p. 35)
According to Alfred Adler, the main motivation for everything people do, including efforts
toward a successful career, is to get away from a deep childhood–based feeling that they
are not as good as they should be.
TRUE
18.
(p. 36)
Locus of control is the perceived center of control over the events in people’s lives.
TRUE
19.
(p. 36)
People with an external locus of control believe that they have control over the events in
their lives.
FALSE
2-4
20.
(p. 36)
When Delilah got a D grade in one of her papers, she said to herself, “I should have studied
instead of watching movies all night long with my friends; I’ll do better next time.” From this
comment we can conclude that Delilah has an external locus of control.
FALSE
21.
(p. 38)
Putting things off for too long and not working toward goals can bring your self-esteem
even lower.
TRUE
22.
(p. 38)
The fear of pain encourages people to avoid procrastinating things for too long.
FALSE
23.
(p. 38)
True mentoring involves two people communicating well, one mostly teaching and the
other mostly learning.
TRUE
24.
(p. 38)
A role model typically acts as a guide or teacher for a person, actively interacting with the
person and leading that person through experiences.
FALSE
25.
(p. 38)
Positive self-talk leads to a low self-esteem.
FALSE
26.
(p. 38)
Positive self-talk means telling your subconscious mind that you are a good person and
doing fine.
TRUE
2-5
27.
(p. 38)
The self-fulfilling prophecy refers to the tendency for a prediction to actually occur once it
is believed.
TRUE
28.
(p. 38)
While forming affirmations for positive self-talk, you should be general, rather than
specific.
FALSE
29.
(p. 39)
Self-fulfilling prophecies can come from your “buy-in” or taking as fact the beliefs that
others hold about you.
TRUE
30.
(p. 39)
The stronger or higher a person’s self-esteem is, the weaker the effect other people’s
negative statements will have on his or her behavior.
TRUE
Multiple Choice Questions
31.
(p. 28)
Which of the following statements is true about self–concept?
A.
It is the tendency to turn an irrational belief into an imagined disaster for yourself.
B.
It is the power that is based on your attractiveness to others.
C.
It is the power that depends on the threat of possible punishment.
D.
It is the foundation of all your thoughts about yourself.
32.
(p. 28)
Seeing yourself as being efficient in a particular field is an example of:
A.
cognitive dissonance.
B.
C.
self-disclosure.
D.
self-effacing.
33.
(p. 28)
Sarah’s manager had given her feedback on her low performance for the quarter. She
internalized the manager’s observation and started thinking of herself as an unprofessional
and inefficient employee. This lowered her ____, and she tended to be even less productive
than before. This led to a vicious cycle.
A.
locus of control
B.
self-awareness
C.
social competence
D.
self-concept
34.
(p. 28)
Which of the following will be the most constructive way of behaving if you are stuck in a
vicious cycle of negative self-concept leading to negative actions and vice versa?
A.
Trying to analyze who started the cycle
B.
Establishing an external locus of control
C.
Examining ways to stop the cycle
D.
Providing conditional positive regard
35.
(p. 28)
How would all the four parts of self-concept occur in a perfect world?
A.
All the four parts would intersect each other.
B.
All the four parts would be one single circle.
C.
The real self and looking-glass self would be separate from each other.
D.
The ideal self and self-image would be distinct from each other.
36.
(p. 28)
Everyone has some notion of what he or she would like to become. This vision is known as
one’s:
A.
real self.
B.
looking-glass self.
C.
ideal self.
D.
self-image.
37.
(p. 28)
John is an introvert and a pessimist. He hopes to become an optimist and a more sociable
person someday. This happy and positive person that John wants to be is his:
A.
real self.
B.
ideal self.
C.
self-image.
D.
looking-glass self.
38.
(p. 29)
What is a common mistake that people make about their ideal self?
A.
Most people create an unrealistic and unattainable picture of their ideal self.
B.
Many people have an unclear picture of their ideal self.
C.
For most people the ideal self is much more negative than it deserves to be.
D.
Most people do not know that they have already reached their ideal self.
39.
(p. 29)
Which of the following statements is true about conditional positive regard?
A.
It leads to the realization that knowing and taking care of the “real you” is quite possible
without threatening others.
B.
It helps the children to achieve their goals and increase their level of happiness.
C.
It is an assumption of most people that others think well of them much more than is
true.
D.
It may lead to the children growing up either rejecting the parents’ plans for them
completely or becoming depressed and giving up.
40.
(p. 29)
Which of the following best describes the looking-glass self?
A.
It is the knowledge of how you are being perceived by others.
B.
It is the self you assume others see when they look at you.
C.
It is the way you truly feel about yourself.
D.
It is the manner in which you behave when no one is around.
41.
(p. 30)
Which of the following statements is true of your self-image?
A.
It can be programmed by your day–to-day behavior.
B.
It is not affected by the things you say to yourself.
C.
It is the way you actually are when nobody is around.
D.
It is the self you assume others see when they look at you.
42.
(p. 30)
Your _____ is the way you truly feel about yourself.
A.
self-image
B.
ideal self
C.
ego
D.
looking-glass self
43.
(p. 30)
Developing your self-awareness is typically a process of:
A.
giving positive self-suggestions.
B.
establishing an external locus of control.
C.
assuming a more positive looking-glass self.
D.
discovering your real self.
44.
(p. 30)
What is a real self?
A.
The way you actually are when nobody is around
B.
The vision of your future self
C.
The self that is based on the conditional positive regard
D.
The way you truly feel about yourself
45.
(p. 30)
In the context of Carl Rogers’s theory, which of the following statements is true about self–
concept?
A.
The main motivation for everything you do, is to get away from a deep childhood-based
feeling that you are not as good as you should be.
B.
Your internal locus of control is related to both higher self-esteem and better physical
health.
C.
Your ideal self comes from the messages you receive from your parents and people
around you about what you should be like.
D.
You develop internal or external explanations for control based on experiences.
46.
(p. 30)
Danica wants to excel as a student. However, she gets a D in her term exam. This shows:
A.
the distance between Danica’s real self and ideal self.
B.
that Danica’s looking-glass self is more positive than it deserves to be.
C.
that Danica’s ideal self and her self-image do not match.
D.
the distance between Danica’s looking-glass self and ideal self.
47.
(p. 30)
According to Carl Rogers, how can one bring the ideal self and the real self closer to
develop a healthy self-concept?
A.
By adjusting the real self to fit the looking-glass self
B.
By working up to a more realistic and attainable ideal
C.
By adjusting the ideal self according to the messages received from the environment
D.
By paying more attention to the messages about one’s ideal self
48.
(p. 31)
People sometimes find it difficult to be around those who really don’t “need” anyone to like
them because:
A.
they derive their purpose from displeasing others.
B.
they typically receive unconditional positive regard.
C.
they have an internal locus of control.
D.
they expect others to share their need for acceptance.
49.
(p. 31)
What is self-esteem?
A.
It is the regard in which you hold yourself.
B.
It is invariably the same as the self-concept.
C.
It is what you assume others see when they look at you.
D.
It is the way you truly are when nobody is around to approve of your actions.
50.
(p. 32)
Which of the following best describes the act of compensating?
A.
It is the practice of acting ethically while understanding your actions are part of the
larger, interactive picture of your workplace, community, and world.
B.
It is the practice of focusing on a single strength to make up for the real or perceived
weaknesses.
C.
It is the practice of presenting a more positive real self to make up for a negative
looking-glass self.
D.
It is the practice of allowing people to more readily accept their co-workers and take
criticism from them.
51.
(p. 32)
Lena, a former sprint runner, boasts about her speed and how she had surpassed her
competitors in her prime days. Though she has not been in the best of shape for the last
few years, she continues to talk about her fitness. Lena is trying to:
A.
pay more attention to the messages she is receiving from her environment.
B.
use a self-suggestion technique to improve her self–esteem.
C.
discover her real self.
D.
compensate in some way for her low self-esteem.
52.
(p. 32)
People who have high self-esteem are more likely to succeed in achieving their personal
goals because:
A.
they are motivated by a need to compensate through achievement.
B.
they are driven by a desire to see their dreams and goals achieved.
C.
they focus their energies on a single strength to make up for their overall weaknesses.
D.
they work hard to measure up to others’ achievements and goals.
53.
(p. 33)
In an organizational context, which of the following is true of people with low self-esteem?
A.
They are more likely to work with little enthusiasm or commitment.
B.
They readily accept criticism from others in the team.
C.
They are objective while tackling a problem.
D.
They usually receive unconditional positive regard from their colleagues.