80) Which of the following types of changes involves a new idea being applied to initiating or
improving a product, process, or service?
A) continuous improvement
B) appreciative inquiry
C) innovation
D) process reengineering
E) organizational streaming
81) Which of the following statements is true regarding innovation in organizations?
A) Organic structures negatively influence innovation.
B) Interunit communication is low in innovative organizations.
C) Short tenure in management is associated with innovation.
D) Innovation is nurtured when there is an abundance of resources.
E) Innovative organizations reward both successes and failures.
82) Bart has a new idea for a way to cut costs in his department, but he is not willing to share his
idea with his boss because the last department head that tried new cost cutting methods was
recently fired because the new methods could not achieve expected results. Based on the
example, how can Bart’s company improve the culture to create innovation?
A) flatten the organizational structure
B) reward both successes and failures
C) increase the resources in Bart’s department
D) encourage communication between various departments
E) conduct team-building activities
83) Which of the following actions can extinguish risk taking and innovation?
A) long tenure in management
B) encouraging experimentation
C) rewarding for the absence of failures rather than for the presence of successes
D) using organic organizational structures
E) using an organizational structure that scores low on vertical differentiation, formalization, and
centralization
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84) Brian’s team just had a research breakthrough. They’ll need several thousands of dollars to
complete the project. Brian has called a series of meetings in which he’s promoting the
significance of the new discovery, explaining the economic benefits that will result from the final
project, and answering questions. Brian is a(n) ________ within his company.
A) change agent
B) arbitrator
C) manipulator
D) idea champion
E) stress creator
85) Idea champions display characteristics associated with ________ leadership.
A) narcissistic
B) transformational
C) autocratic
D) transactional
E) laissez-faire
86) In order to make their firm a learning organization, managers should ________.
A) increase the number of hierarchical levels in the organization
B) avoid the use of cross-functional teams
C) penalize mistakes
D) increase the degree of departmentalization
E) redesign the organizational structure
87) Belonging creates paradoxes between establishing a sense of collective identity and
acknowledging our desire to be recognized and accepted as unique individuals.
88) Paradox theory states the key paradox in management is that there is no final optimal status
for an organization.
89) Innovative organizations offer high job security so employees don’t fear getting fired for
making mistakes.
90) Passion for change among entrepreneurs is greatest when work roles and the social
environment encourage them to put their creative identities forward.
91) In a paradox situation, we are required to balance tensions within only one specific situation
or setting.
92) A learning organization is one that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and
change.
93) What are the various structural variables that facilitate innovation?
94) ________ is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity,
demand, or resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is
perceived to be both uncertain and important.
A) Change
B) Stress
C) Innovation
D) Stimulation
E) Creativity
95) Which of the following stressors is likely to produce less strain than the other stressors?
A) confusion over job responsibilities
B) office politics
C) lack of unity of command
D) red tape
E) pressure to complete tasks
96) One of Carl’s department employees was severely injured on the job. Carl has called in
psychological counselors to talk to the other employees and scheduled a series of safety trainings
for the department to be completed by the end of the week. He has also asked the HR personnel
to talk to the department about the disability insurance that the company offers and make sure
that his employees know what is available. Carl is using ________ to help cope with the stress
caused by his employee’s injury.
A) demands
B) action research
C) resources
D) innovation
E) appreciative inquiry
97) Political uncertainties, economic uncertainties, and technological change are examples of the
________ factors of potential stress.
A) structural
B) environmental
C) organizational
D) personal
E) social
98) Jerry is feeling very stressed because his boss expects a project to be delivered to the client
within a very unreasonable deadline. Jerry has to work nights and weekends to make the
deadline. Jerry is feeling stress due to a(n) ________ factor.
A) environmental
B) organizational
C) economic
D) structural
E) personal
99) Family issues, economic problems, and personality characteristics are examples of the
________ factor of potential stress.
A) social
B) environmental
C) structural
D) psychological
E) personal
100) Benny is stressed with the new corporate reorganization. He now reports to a foreign office
that has usurped many of his responsibilities, including the contract labor for his projects.
Therefore, he’s working with new and less qualified contractors with whom he doesn’t have a
relationship. However, the managers of the other departments find themselves in the same boat,
and every day they are able to laugh over lunch about their new managerial impotence.
________ is helping Benny handle his stress.
A) Emotional contagion
B) Cognitive dissonance
C) Social support
D) Time management
E) Self-efficacy
101) Research shows that ________ employees are stressed by a lack of control, while ________
employees are stressed by job evaluations and lack of training.
A) U.S., Chinese
B) U.S., Mexican
C) U.K., Canadian
D) Chinese, U.K.
E) Mexican, Canadian
102) Compare and contrast challenge stressors and hindrance stressors.
103) Rudolf is dealing with impending layoffs at work. Yesterday, at a pharmacy, he measured
his blood pressure and it was high. He also notices that when he thinks about the future, his heart
rate accelerates. Rudolf is demonstrating ________ symptoms of stress.
A) psychological
B) physiological
C) behavioral
D) personal
E) reactive
104) Excessive smoking, substance abuse, and sleep disorders are all examples of ________
symptoms of stress.
A) personal
B) psychological
C) behavioral
D) physiological
E) pathological
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105) Which of the following types of jobs is least likely to create stress and reduce satisfaction?
A) jobs that make multiple and conflicting demands
B) jobs that provide a high level of feedback
C) jobs that lack clarity about the employee’s duties
D) jobs that provide the employees less control over the pace of their work
E) jobs that provide a low level of variety
106) Louise is overwhelmed with the new tasks that she has been assigned after the department
merger. Each day, she arrives at work and makes a list of the new tasks, writes a number next to
each one according to the urgency of completion, and schedules a time to complete each one.
Although she’s still stressed, Louise is able to get most of the work done and feels better at the
end of the day. Louise is using ________ techniques to reduce her stress.
A) job enrichment
B) goal setting
C) relaxation
D) time-management
E) job enlargement
107) A meta-analysis of responses from more than 35,000 individuals showed role ambiguity,
role conflict, role overload, job insecurity, environmental uncertainty, and situational constraints
were all consistently and negatively related to job performance.
108) Discuss the psychological symptoms of stress.
109) Physicians have recommended noncompetitive physical exercise, such as aerobics, walking,
jogging, swimming, and riding a bicycle, as a way to deal with excessive stress levels.
110) Which of the following statements is not true regarding organizational approaches to
managing stress?
A) With goal-setting in the organization, individuals perform better when they have specific and
challenging goals and receive feedback on their progress toward these goals.
B) Redesigning jobs to give employees more responsibility, more meaningful work, more
autonomy, and increased feedback can reduce stress.
C) Managers should consider decreasing employee involvement in decision making because
evidence clearly shows that decreases in employee empowerment reduce psychological strain.
D) Increasing formal organizational communication with employees reduces uncertainty.
E) Some employees need an occasional escape from the pace of their work.
111) Organizationally supported programs that focus on the employee’s total physical and mental
condition, such as helping them quit smoking or control alcohol use, are called ________
programs.
A) job redesign
B) relaxation
C) employee involvement
D) organizational development
E) wellness
112) Elaine is very good at what she does, but she is constantly stressed by internal deadlines
assigned to co-workers, obligatory meetings, and time lost in unrelated idle cubicle chatter.
Today, after a meeting with her supervisor, she has been given more responsibility for her work,
is able to set her own deadlines, decline attendance to various department meetings, and
telecommute two days a week. Elaine’s boss is using which of the following organizational
strategies to reduce her stress?
A) job redesign
B) organizational communication
C) employee involvement
D) organizational development
E) process reengineering
113) Discuss the various individual approaches toward managing stress.
114) What are the various organizational approaches toward managing stress?