58.
(p. 298)
Before going on his vacation, Philip worked almost 16 hours a day for a week to complete
his work. Due to his stressful work schedule, he fell ill on the third day of his vacation, and
spent the rest of his vacation recovering from the illness. In the context of the general
adaptation syndrome, Philip is in the:
A.
first stage.
B.
stage of adaptation.
C.
stage of exhaustion.
D.
alarm stage.
59.
(p. 300)
Which of the following statements is true about stress?
A.
Even serious chronic illnesses such as cancer are linked to stress.
B.
C.
It is not possible to recognize the fight-or-flight feelings of immediate stressors.
D.
60.
(p. 301)
What can managers do to reduce corporate stress?
A.
Challenge employees by giving excessive work.
B.
Be laid-back while making decisions for the team.
C.
Promote groupthink among employees.
D.
Encourage independent and creative thinking.
12–15
61.
(p. 288)
____, or good stress is the kind of pleasant, desirable stress you might feel when playing
tennis or attending a party.
Eustress
62.
(p. 288)
____, or bad stress is the kind of stress you might feel during an illness or when going
through a divorce.
Distress
63.
(p. 289)
_____ stressors are more stressful than daily hassles, but not as stressful as a major life
change.
Chronic
64.
(p. 290)
_____ stressors are stressors that include anything from outside sources that causes you
pain, discomfort, frustration, or conflict.
External
65.
(p. 291)
According to psychologists, _____ stressors can include your own perceptions or
interpretations of a stressor, as well as personality factors.
internal
66.
(p. 291)
_____ is best described as your “thinking evaluation” of an event or a situation.
Cognitive appraisal
67.
(p. 292)
A(n) _____ belief system is a way of thinking that causes internal stress by substituting a
realistic belief with one that is destructive, illogical, and largely false.
irrational
12–16
68.
(p. 292)
People who ____, convert an irrational belief into an imagined disaster.
catastrophize
69.
(p. 293)
According to Albert Ellis, the biggest culprit in your emotional stress and anxiety is the
_____ part of the ABC approach.
B/belief
70.
(p. 295)
In the context of the type A and type B personality theory, the _____ personality is
characterized by impatience, hostility, perfectionism, and a sense of time urgency.
type A
71.
(p. 295)
In the context of the type A and type B personality theory, the _____ personality is
characterized by flexibility, the ability to relax and delegate work, and a minimal sense of
time urgency.
type B
72.
(p. 295)
According to the type A and type B personality theory, _____ people seem more likely to
have cardiovascular problems such as heart attacks and strokes.
type A
73.
(p. 296)
The _____ personality is characterized by the ability to meet challenges, a sense of
commitment, and a feeling of being in control of life.
hardy/resilient
74.
(p. 297)
Psychologist Hans Selye’s theory about what stress does to people physically is known as
the ____.
general adaptation syndrome(GAS)
75.
(p. 297)
In the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the fight–or-flight response is
activated.
alarm
76.
(p. 297)
The _____ stage is the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
alarm
77.
(p. 297)
Once the alarm is sounded in the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome, you enter
the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the stage of ____.
adaptation
78.
(p. 297)
When you are not able to adapt to a stressor and end up using up all your physical
resources, you enter the third stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the stage of ____.
exhaustion
79.
(p. 297)
In the third stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the stage of ____, you are unable to
cope with the prolonged stressor, and you can become vulnerable to other stressors.
exhaustion
80.
(p. 303)
_____ is a physical and emotional exhaustion resulting from long-term stress or frustration
in one’s workplace.
Job burnout
Short Answer Questions
81.
(p. 288)
Define stress.
According to psychologists, stress can be defined as the nonspecific response of the body
to any demand made on it. In other words, any reaction or response your body makes to a
new situation is stress.
82.
(p. 288)
In the context of Hans Selye’s theory, describe the two types of stress.
Hans Selye, a Canadian physiologist who researched stress and its effects for 50 years,
distinguished between two kinds of stress. The first is eustress, or good stress—the kind of
pleasant, desirable stress you might feel when playing tennis or attending a party. The
second is distress, or bad stress—the kind of stress you might feel during an illness or
when going through a divorce.
83.
(p. 289)
What are chronic stressors?
Chronic stressors are inescapable, day–to-day situations or conditions that cause stress.
They are more stressful than daily hassles, but not as stressful as a major life change.
Things like poverty, ongoing abuse, and long-term health problems are examples of chronic
stressors. Being discriminated against because of issues such as race or ethnicity, gender,
age, or religion is also a chronic stressor.
84.
(p. 290)
What are external stressors?
According to psychologists, external stressors can include anything and everything from
outside sources that causes you pain or discomfort, frustration, or conflict.
85.
(p. 290)
Why is inner conflict considered an external stressor?
Inner conflict is the kind of pressure you feel when you are forced to make a choice. Even
though you feel it internally, it is considered an external stressor because the source of this
conflict comes from outside. This type of conflict is the feeling you get when you are torn in
two or more directions.
86.
(p. 290–
291)
Describe the three types of inner conflict.
The three types of inner conflict include: approach-approach, approach-avoid, and avoid-
avoid conflict. The first of these, approach-approach, is the feeling of conflict you get when
torn between two desirable goals. An approach-avoid conflict occurs when you are drawn
toward and away from something at the same time. An avoid-avoid conflict occurs when
you are torn between two undesirable options.
87.
(p. 291)
Explain the process of cognitive appraisal.
In the process of making a cognitive appraisal, you unconsciously ask yourself two
questions. The first one is: “Is this stressor harmful to me in any way?” If the answer to
that question is yes, then you also ask yourself: “Do I have the resources (time, energy, and
so on) to handle this stressor?” If the answer to that question is no, then you feel stress.
These questions and responses are processed in a fraction of a second, usually faster than
you are aware.
88.
(p. 293)
Explain Albert Ellis’s ABC approach.
The ABC approach deals with how stress develops inside of people. In this approach, the A
stands for an activating event that causes stress. The B stands for your belief about the
activating event. The C stands for the consequences of the eventual outcome caused by
the activating event and your beliefs about it.
89.
(p. 292–
293)
How do irrational beliefs cause anxiety and misery in people?
According to Albert Ellis, it can be understandable to believe things should turn out better
than they actually do. However, it is irrational to expect that they will, and irrational to
believe that you cannot survive unless they do. Irrational beliefs, then, can lead to
catastrophizing an event—a stressor—or blowing it out of proportion. This makes you less
able to cope with it, which in turn makes you less able to solve the problem and adds more
stress. Unfortunately, irrational beliefs can become a vicious cycle and repeat themselves
endlessly as negative emotions turn into negative behaviors.
90.
(p. 295)
According to the type A and type B personality theory, why are type A people more likely to
have health issues?
According to this theory, type A people are seen as impatient, hostile perfectionists with a
sense of time urgency. These behaviors of constant anger and, to a lesser extent, time
urgency (sometimes called hurry sickness) has a negative effect on health.
91.
(p. 295)
In the context of the folk wisdom around the type A and type B personality theory, explain
why top executives are likely to be type B people?
The top-level executives are likely to be type Bs, with type A assistants frantically running
around doing their work for them. This is because type Bs can delegate responsibility,
whereas type As are such perfectionists that they have to do all the work themselves and
will never get to the top because of this.
92.
(p. 296)
Why do people with a hardy personality handle stressful situation with ease?
Regardless of the situation, people with a hardy personality seem to have three things in
common—the “three Cs” of a hardy personality: challenge, commitment, and control.
Where others see terrible problems to overcome, they see challenges to meet. People with
a hardy personality also have a sense of commitment. It doesn’t matter to what; it could be
to their jobs, education, a religion, a political cause, to raising their children, or to a
healthier lifestyle for themselves. They just feel a sense of purpose or a mission in life.
Finally, they feel that they are in control of their lives and in charge of what happens to
93.
(p. 297)
What are the reactions that take place in the “alarm stage” of the general adaptation
syndrome?
According to the general adaptation syndrome theory, when you are first confronted with a
stressor, your body responds with an activation of the sympathetic nervous system. This
has come to be known as the fight-or-flight response. During the fight–or-flight response,
your body quickly (in a matter of seconds) gets ready to confront or to escape the stressor
by specific physical and chemical reactions. These include increased heart rate, blood
pressure, respiration, stomach acid, tensed muscles, and a sudden release of adrenaline.
94.
(p. 297)
How does the body react to a stressor in the second stage of the general adaptation
syndrome?
Once the alarm is sounded in the first stage, you enter the second stage of general
adaptation syndrome, the stage of adaptation. You adapt to the stressor and can usually
return to normal. As you try to restore lost energy and repair any damage done to your
body, your sympathetic nervous system is still activated, but not at the high level it was
during the alarm stage. As you successfully cope with the stressor, you activate your
parasympathetic nervous system. Your heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and muscles
then relax. Most of the time, people at this stage are able to cope with the stressor and
soon return to normal.
95.
(p. 297)
According to the theory of general adaptation syndrome, what happens when you cannot
adapt to a stressor?
If you are not able to adapt to a stressor, you can end up using up or exhausting all of your
physical resources. Then you enter the third stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the
stage of exhaustion. During this stage, the parasympathetic nervous system is still
activated, so you appear relaxed, but the stressor is still present. In this stage, you are
unable to cope with the prolonged stressor, and you can become vulnerable to other
stressors.
96.
(p. 298)
Explain the term “disease of adaptation.”
According to Selye’s theory of general adaptation syndrome, if the stress of dealing with
one disease is prolonged, then the patient enters the stage of exhaustion and could fall
victim to a disease of adaptation.
97.
(p. 300)
What are the three basic functions of the immune system?
The immune system serves three basic functions. Briefly, these include:
1. Recognizing foreign cells and attacking them.
2. Developing antibodies to recognize foreign invaders in the future.
3. Sending white blood cells and other helper cells to the location of an injury or infection
to speed healing.
98.
(p. 300)
How does chronic stress affect the immune system?
By having chronic stress, you can weaken your immune system and fall victim to an illness
that you would normally fight off with ease. Medical research is finding evidence that even
serious chronic illnesses such as cancer are linked to stress as well. Because your immune
system is weakened by stress, anything from the common cold to an uncommon cancer is
more likely to invade when you are under stress for long periods of time. Other stress–
related illnesses can include asthma, ulcers, colitis, skin disorders such as eczema or hives,
allergies, strokes, and heart attacks. Medical research suggests that the effects of stress
can strike back as long as 20 years later. Men who were highly anxious in middle age,
studies show, are much more likely 20 years later to have high blood pressure than men
who had a calmer outlook on life.
99.
(p. 300–
301)
How does corporate stress affect organizations?
According to the American Institute of Stress, stress-related problems cost the American
economy more than $300 billion every year. Close to 90 percent of visits to the doctor are
for stress-related symptoms. Up to 80 percent of industrial accidents are blamed on stress.
In a survey of employees’ stress-related symptoms, most employees reported feeling at
least three symptoms. About one-fifth of those surveyed had missed work because of
stress, and one-third had thought about quitting as a way of relieving stress.
100.
(p. 302)
According to Christina Maslach and Michael P. Leiter, what are the six areas that are
related to employee happiness and reduced job burnout?
They list six areas for employee happiness and reduced job burnout. They are:
1. Workload must be manageable.
2. Employees need a sense of control.
3. Employees must have an opportunity for rewards.
4. A feeling of community buoys employees.
5. Trusting the workplace to be fair keeps employees loyal.
6. Shared values promote ethical behavior.