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1. An impasse refers to a situation in which all parties involved in a negotiation reach an agreement.
a. True
b. False
2. Local unions are usually coordinated by a regional officer.
a. True
b. False
3. A negative settlement zone in the negotiation process refers to the zone of overlap between an organization’s and its
union’s demands in the bargaining zone.
a. True
b. False
4. Contingent workers are a way for organizations to manage their demand for labor.
a. True
b. False
5. For a union to be decertified, it is mandatory that the union must have served as the official bargaining agent for the
employees for at least 3 years.
a. True
b. False
6. A wildcat strike is an illegal form of labor action.
a. True
b. False
7. Organized labor in the twenty-first century supports the employment of contingent workers by organizations.
a. True
b. False
8. Strikebreakers are temporary workers brought in as replacements for striking employees.
a. True
b. False
9. A boycott occurs when employers refuse to give their company’s products free of cost to union members.
a. True
b. False
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10. To request a union certification election, at least 50 percent of the eligible workers within the bargaining unit should
sign authorization cards.
a. True
b. False
11. The second step in the unionization process is:
a. getting 30 percent of the workers eligible to be represented by the union to sign authorization cards.
b. asking the National Labor Relations Board to conduct a secret ballot election.
c. asking the National Labor Relations Board to define the bargaining unit.
d. instituting grievance procedures for resolving disputes between management and the union.
12. In the context of unionization, _____ refers to the specifically defined group of employees who are eligible for
representation by the union.
a. a worker thread
b. the bargaining unit
c. a contingent workforce
d. the labor council
13. _____ may be included in collective bargaining only if both parties agree.
a. Permissive items
b. Mandatory items
c. Obligatory items
d. Intellectual items
14. _____ is the process of dealing with employees who are represented by a union.
a. Labor relations
b. Acculturation
c. Unionization
d. Job embeddedness
15. When there is a difference of opinion between an employee who is a union member and his or her supervisor, the
employee can initially take his or her complaint to _____.
a. an expatriate
b. the chief management officer
c. an arbitrator
d. the shop steward
16. The American Federation of Labor (AF of L) grew rapidly in the early twentieth century because:
a. workers preferred the businesslike approach of the AF of L.
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b. it focused on organizing employees by industry rather than by skills.
c. workers preferred the radical nature of the AF of L.
d. it accepted only skilled craftspersons for specifically defined jobs.
17. Robert, the president of the labor union of a company, speaks to the management of the company about the
requirement for an extra worker to assist in the delivery process. He suggests hiring one of his cousins for the job, as his
cousin has prior experience in the field. The management, however, finds out that there is no requirement for another
worker in the unit and Robert made up the reason solely to get a job for his cousin. In the given scenario, Robert has
violated the _____.
a. Taft-Hartley Act
b. Sherman Antitrust Act
c. Landrum-Griffin Act
d. Wagner Act
18. Which of the following is a factor that has led to a decline in union membership in recent times?
a. The changes in legislation that make unionization illegal in most sectors
b. The inclusion of more women and ethnic minorities in the workforce composition
c. The fraudulent activities carried out by most union presidents in organizations
d. The removal of grievance systems for workers by firms to prevent them from joining unions
19. In the context of the process of unionization, which of the following is the next step after the National Labor Relations
Board (NLRB) defines the bargaining unit?
a. Union organizers petition the workers to conduct an election among themselves.
b. Union organizers elect officers, establish a meeting site, and begin to recruit members from the labor force in the
bargaining unit to join the union.
c. Union organizers generate interest in unionization among workers.
d. Union organizers strive to get 30 percent of the eligible workers within the bargaining unit to sign authorization
cards requesting a certification election.
20. A(n) _____ is the desired result that management tries to achieve on items being negotiated.
a. leverage point
b. negotiation point
c. target point
d. arbitration point
21. Which of the following statements is true of union decertification?
a. A union can be decertified only if it is being pressurized by the government to do so.
b. A decertification election is conducted when 30 percent of the eligible employees in the bargaining unit sign the
decertification cards.
c. For decertification to occur, a closed-shop agreement must have existed between the union and the employer.
d. Once a union has been decertified, a new election cannot be requested for certification for at least 2 years.
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22. Which of the following statements is true of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)?
a. It emerged from a dissenting faction of the Knights of Labor.
b. It merged with the Industrial Workers of the World in 1995.
c. It classified workers according to their crafts.
d. It organized the steel, mining, and meatpacking industries.
23. Which of the following is a similarity between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor?
a. Both organized employees by industry, regardless of their skills or occupation.
b. Both were composed of various craft unions.
c. Both focused on the legislative and political activities that affected workers.
d. Both served as umbrella organizations, with members joining individual unions affiliated with them.
24. The negotiations between the management and the union members of a telecommunications company have been going
on for four months. However, both parties are unable to agree on a contract. They now feel that reaching an agreement is
not imminent. In this case, the management and the union members have reached:
a. their target point.
b. their resistance point.
c. a lockout.
d. an impasse.
25. Each local union has an important elected position called _____, who is a regular employee who functions as a liaison
between union members and supervisors.
a. the shop steward
b. an apprentice
c. the headcounter
d. an intern
26. The primary reason for companies to export jobs to other countries is to:
a. attract talent from other countries.
b. cut down on overall costs.
c. increase their global presence.
d. create external equity.
27. The union president of Grenthall, the national union office of the Social Youth Union, is asked to step down from his
position as the management discovered that he was a convicted felon. In the given scenario, which of the following acts is
the management implementing?
a. The Taft-Hartley Act
b. The Sherman Antitrust Act
c. The Landrum-Griffin Act
d. The Wagner Act
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28. In the process of unionization, after union organizers get 30 percent of the eligible workers within the bargaining unit
to sign authorization cards, they must:
a. generate interest in unionization among employees.
b. formulate a closed-shop agreement between management and the union.
c. elect the president and the shop steward of the proposed union.
d. petition the National Labor Relations Board to conduct an election.
29. If the union membership votes to reject the labor contract after an agreement has been reached between the union and
management, then:
a. the parties must return to the bargaining table.
b. the party that can show reasonable cause has the final say.
c. the union loses its bargaining power.
d. the parties must directly seek government intervention.
30. The pool of _____ is a source of replacement labor for companies.
a. worker threads
b. shop stewards
c. contingent workers
d. knowledge workers
31. During labor negotiations, the management of a company reaches the point where it states that it will give a maximum
of 6-percent pay increase to all the employees of the company and not more. Despite threats of further agitation, the
management sticks to its decision. In the given scenario, the management has reached its _____.
a. break-even point
b. resistance point
c. target point
d. arbitration point
32. A _____ occurs when workers suddenly go on strike, without the authorization of the striker’s union and while a
binding labor agreement is still in effect.
a. wildcat strike
b. slowdown strike
c. work-in strike
d. partial strike
33. Which of the following statements is true of the Taft-Hartley Act?
a. It prohibited employers from hiring nonunion members.
b. It repealed the right-to–work laws.
c. It established procedures and listed tactics that employees could use to conduct strikes.
d. It was established as a response to public outcries against the strikes following World War II.
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34. Traditionally, union members have been predominantly:
a. black males in blue-collar jobs.
b. white males in blue-collar jobs.
c. workers from various ethnic backgrounds.
d. young women and children.
35. Prior to collective bargaining for a new labor contract, both the management and the union members of a shoe factory
decide that it is important that they discuss the issue of the employment of contingent workers in the organization. Both
parties thereby include it as a negotiable point for the bargaining session that, if agreed upon, will be entered into the new
contract. This point of negotiation falls under the category of _____.
a. permissive items
b. mandatory items
c. prohibited items
d. intellectual items
36. Which of the following statements reflects a current trend in union–management relations in the United States?
a. Unions recognize that they do not have as much power as they once held.
b. Basic issues such as wages and benefits no longer figure in union–management negotiations.
c. Labor unions have negligible power over management in the steel industry.
d. The relation between labor unions and management has become adversarial.
37. Which of the following is a difference between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor?
a. Unlike the American Federation of Labor, the Knights of Labor organized employees by industry.
b. Unlike the American Federation of Labor, the Knights of Labor was composed of various craft unions.
c. Unlike the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor focused on legislative and political activities.
d. Unlike the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor served as an umbrella organization.
38. In the context of union–management relations, the _____ was organized in 1953 to protect the nonstars in baseball by
fighting for higher wages, a pension plan, and compensation when a player was unable to play because of an injury.
a. Brotherhood of Professional Baseball Players
b. National Association of Baseball Players
c. Major League Baseball Players Association
d. Players’ Protective Association
39. In the negotiation process, a party makes a final offer exactly at the _____ of the other party when it finds out the
maximum amount the other party is willing to pay.
a. resistance point
b. break-even point
c. target point
d. arbitration point
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40. In the unionization process, the number of representatives that the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) sends to a
company to conduct an election is based on the:
a. type of labor contract proposed to be signed.
b. staffing strategy employed by the company.
c. financial strength of the company.
d. size of the bargaining unit.
41. In the context of unionization in the United States, the _____ was founded in 1869, and its leaders admitted anyone to
membership, regardless of race or creed, except for those they considered to be social parasites.
a. Congress of Industrial Organizations
b. Knights of Labor
c. Iron Molders
d. American Federation of Labor
42. The American Federation of Labor (AF of L) focused on _____.
a. legislative and political activities
b. better employment contracts
c. controlling the supply of skilled labor
d. organizing employees by industry
43. Which of the following occurs in the first step of the unionization process?
a. The National Labor Relations Board conducts an election via secret ballot.
b. Employees figure some interest in joining a union.
c. Employees sign authorization cards giving consent to the formation of a union.
d. The National Labor Relations Board defines the bargaining unit.
44. The employees of a manufacturing company are scheduled to have contract negotiations with their employer. While
preparing for the negotiations, the employees and the employer decide the parameters of the bargaining session. They
agree that wages, benefits, and working hours will be discussed during the session. In the given scenario, the employees
and the employer will be discussing _____.
a. permissive items
b. mandatory items
c. obligatory items
d. intellectual items
45. Which of the following statements is true of the American Federation of Labor (AF of L)?
a. It resorted to extreme violence as a means of settling labor disputes.
b. It merged with the Knights of Labor in 1995 to consolidate the strengths of both organizations.
c. It focused on the legislative and political activities that affected workers.
d. It served as an umbrella organization, with members joining individual unions affiliated with it.
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46. The _____ requires that national labor unions elect new leaders at least once every 5 years.
a. Taft-Hartley Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Landrum-Griffin Act
d. Sherman Antitrust Act
47. Which of the following reasons led to the merger of the American Federation of Labor (AF of L) and the Congress of
Industrial Organizations (CIO)?
a. Their common focus on the legislative and political activities that affected workers
b. Their common strategy of organizing employees by industry rather than by skills
c. The common fight of the two groups against the radical nature of the Industrial Workers of the World
d. The series of strikes after World War II that led to public resentment and demands for union reform
48. Which of the following occurs in the final step of the unionization process?
a. The eligible workers within the bargaining unit sign authorization cards requesting a certification election.
b. The National Labor Relations Board sends one or more representatives to the facility to conduct an election.
c. The National Labor Relations Board defines the group of employees who are eligible to be represented by the
union.
d. The union organizers establish a meeting site and recruit members from the labor force in the bargaining unit to
join the union.
49. Which of the following legislation outlawed closed-shop agreements?
a. The Taft-Hartley Act
b. The Wagner Act
c. The Landrum-Griffin Act
d. The Sherman Antitrust Act
50. Which of the following statements is true of a positive settlement zone?
a. It refers to an organization achieving the desired results in a negotiation without giving in to the employees’
demands.
b. It refers to an overlap between an organization’s and its union’s demands and expectations in the bargaining zone.
c. It refers to a situation where both the management of an organization and its employees agree to have a third-
party intervention.
d. It refers to a phase in the negotiation process that prohibits the use of mediation or arbitration in case of a
disagreement.
51. In the context of unionization in the United States, the _____ consisted mostly of unskilled workers and advocated
extreme violence as a means of settling labor disputes.
a. Knights of Labor
b. Congress of Industrial Organizations
c. American Federation of Labor
d. Industrial Workers of the World
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52. A _____ is a legally constituted group of individuals working together to achieve shared job-related goals.
a. congregation
b. labor union
c. self-directed team
d. focus group
53. The union members of Clarence Corporation, a packaged food manufacturing firm, stage a protest as their demand for
higher wages was not met by the management of the firm. During the protest, the union members frequently march to the
entrance of the firm holding signs that explain the reason for the protest. They do this in an attempt to intimidate the
management. This scenario exemplifies _____.
a. picketing
b. featherbedding
c. a boycott
d. a slowdown
54. Which of the following strategies is used by owners to minimize union strength in professional sports?
a. Final-offer arbitration
b. A slowdown
c. A lockout
d. Mediation
55. Barc Corporation, a coal manufacturing company in the 1920s, refused to negotiate its wage policy with its
employees. It also refused to bargain with the elected union members. In the given scenario, Barc Corporation violated
the:
a. Wagner Act.
b. Sherman Antitrust Act.
c. Taft-Hartley Act.
d. Landrum-Griffin Act.
56. Which of the following statements is true of the Wagner Act?
a. It requires unions to file annual financial statements with the Department of Labor.
b. It prohibits employers from engaging in certain unfair labor practices.
c. It requires that national labor unions elect new leaders at least once every 5 years.
d. It prohibits convicted felons from holding national union office.
57. A company can minimize unionization by:
a. making the union president its official spokesperson.
b. creating formal grievance systems for all its workers.
c. petitioning the National Labor Relations Board to exempt it from the possibility of unionization.
d. not hiring women workers and workers from ethnic minorities who are more likely to join unions.
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58. Which of the following is a condition that must be met for the decertification of a union?
a. The union must have served as the official bargaining agent for the employees for at least 3 years.
b. A closed-shop agreement must have existed between the union and the employer.
c. No labor contract must currently be in force.
d. The union must have at least hundred members.
59. The basic purpose of the _____ was to curtail and limit union practices.
a. Taft-Hartley Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Rowlatt Act
d. Sherman Antitrust Act
60. The Landrum-Griffin Act requires:
a. employers to not reveal information about their finances to unions.
b. unions to file annual financial statements with the Department of Labor.
c. national labor unions to elect a new leader every year.
d. prison laborers to submit identification documents before starting work.
61. Explain the stand of labor unions in the United States on issues such as employment of prison labor and contingent
workers.
62. Briefly describe the steps that must be followed if employees are to form and join a labor union.
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63. Explain the actions that management and labor unions can take to prepare for collective bargaining.
64. Explain the challenges that the Internet presents for U.S. labor unions.
65. Trace the early history of labor unions in the United States, and mention their significant contributions.
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