58.
(p. 245–
246)
Which of the following is a difference between brainstorming and the nominal group
method?
A.
Brainstorming encourages individual creativity within a group framework, whereas in
the nominal group method, creativity of the entire group is stressed.
B.
Brainstorming is effective with people who are shy, unsure of themselves, or simply not
used to being assertive in public, whereas nominal group method is a type of
spontaneous group discussion to help find multiple solutions for problems.
C.
In a brainstorming session, participants speak out various ideas in form of phrases,
whereas in nominal group method, the ideas remain anonymous.
D.
In brainstorming, each group member rates the ideas, and votes, whereas in the
nominal group method, the leader chooses the best idea.
59.
(p. 249)
In the context of decision making, what does “second right answer” refer to?
A.
It refers to a decision-making method where you see only one of two extremes as a
possible solution.
B.
It refers to decision-making errors that keep people from being as creative as they
otherwise could be.
C.
It refers to a decision-making strategy, created by Bob Eberle, to release your creative
mind.
D.
It refers to a decision-making method in which people get rid of the stumbling block
that prevents them from looking for more than one solution.
60.
(p. 251)
_____ are rules or beliefs that keep people from being as creative as they otherwise could
be.
A.
Intuitions
B.
Mental locks
C.
Self-images
D.
Perceptions
Fill in the Blank Questions
61.
(p. 234)
Creativity is the ability to produce ideas or solutions to problems that are ____, appropriate,
and valuable.
unique
62.
(p. 234)
According to Csikszentmihalyi, _____ creativity is reserved for truly great ideas and
products that change our life.
big “C”
63.
(p. 235)
_____ refers to the moment when people derive pleasure from the creative process itself,
rather than achieving their goals.
Optimal experience
64.
(p. 236–
237)
____, which is direct perception or insight, has been shown to be much more important to
creativity than scholastic ability.
Intuition
65.
(p. 237)
_____ is spontaneous and free-flowing, without constraints, and typically results in many
new ideas rather than one solution to a problem.
Divergent thinking
66.
(p. 238)
_____ are ways of thinking that occur when groups have their own beliefs about what
should be done and how it should be done.
Collective habits of thought
67.
(p. 238)
_____ is the way in which a person views the world.
Perception
68.
(p. 240)
_____ motivators include money and fame.
Extrinsic
69.
(p. 241)
_____ is the beginning point for creativity.
Perception
70.
(p. 242)
_____ is the second step of the creative process identified by Graham Wallas, where
something fairly dramatic has to happen, or the creation of the new concept won’t take
place.
Incubation
71.
(p. 242)
According to Graham Wallas _____ is the third step of the creative process which can also
be called “illumination.”
inspiration
72.
(p. 242)
_____ is the step in the creative process, also referred to as the “happy idea(s)” step by
Graham Wallas, in which a person usually feels rewarded and positive about the next step.
Inspiration
73.
(p. 242)
According to Graham Wallas, _____ is the step in the creative process, where a person can
transform a problem into useful action, and test his or her solution.
verification
74.
(p. 244)
According to Alan Robinson and Sam Stem, _____ involves a fortunate accident that meets
with keenness of insight.
serendipity
75.
(p. 245)
_____ was devised by Alex Osborn as a method of sparking creativity in a group situation.
Brainstorming
76.
(p. 246)
In the _____ method of creative problem solving, the group is basically a tool for voting.
nominal group
77.
(p. 246)
The _____ method of creative problem solving is effective with people who are shy, unsure
of themselves, or simply not used to being assertive in public, because the ideas remain
anonymous.
nominal group
78.
(p. 246)
Dr. Teresa Amabile found that _____ motivation is more powerful than extrinsic motivation
in encouraging creativity.
intrinsic
79.
(p. 247)
According to W. Edwards Deming, _____ rewards drive employee self-esteem.
intrinsic
80.
(p. 250)
The _____ is a circumstance that exists when people make rules and then follow them even
after the situations to which they originally applied no longer exist.
Aslan phenomenon
Short Answer Questions
81.
(p. 234)
What is creativity?
Creativity is the ability to produce ideas, or solutions to problems, that are unique,
appropriate, and valuable—has to do with self-esteem and, in turn, your relationships with
other people. Simply put, it is thinking up new and useful ideas. Creativity is something that
no one completely understands. To truly understand creativity, you need to understand
yourself.
82.
(p. 234–
235)
According to Csikszentmihalyi, what is the difference between creativity with a big “C” and
creativity with a small “c?”
Psychologist Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi describes creative people as having flexibility and
fluency in ideas, with the ability to know a good idea from a bad one. Creative ideas can be
used to solve everyday problems, sometimes called “little c” creativity, or can be used to
imagine ideas and create products that change our lives, sometimes called big “C”
creativity, such as digital technology and the Internet.
83.
(p. 235)
How does Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi explain the concept of optimal experience?
Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi refers to the pleasure people derive from a creative process
leading to a goal as optimal experience. He refers to the process itself as flow, to describe
the motion in which each step of the task seemed to flow effortlessly into the next.
84.
(p. 237)
What did Lewis Terman discover in his study of intelligence, intelligence testing, and
creativity?
Terman followed more than 1,500 academic geniuses throughout their lives and found that
they usually excelled in their careers, were socially and personally well adjusted, and were
physically healthier than others. They were not, however, likely to be more creative than
other people. By 1959, after almost 40 years, not one of them had produced highly creative
works or been awarded Pulitzer or Nobel Prizes.
85.
(p. 240)
List five characteristics of creative people.
Students’ answers will differ. Some of the characteristics of creative people are: (1) Expert
knowledge (2) Openness to new experiences (3) Independent spirit (4) Internal motivation
(5) Persistence.
86.
(p. 240)
Why is expert knowledge essential for being creative?
It is difficult to be creative about things that you don‘t know much about. Creative people
generally come up with new ideas and solutions to problems in their own, or related, areas
of expertise. The process of becoming an expert in any field is a good beginning point for
creativity because it takes practice and hard work to become an expert at anything. On the
other hand, you do not have to be a top expert in your field to be creative in it.
87.
(p. 240)
How are creative people motivated?
Creative people are usually motivated by intrinsic motivators. Intrinsic motivators are those
that motivate a person from within, such as the joy and excitement of the discovery
process. These move people more than extrinsic motivators, which are motivators that
come from outside sources, such as money and fame.
88.
(p. 241–
242)
Describe the “perception” stage of the creative process identified by Graham Wallas.
Perception is the beginning point for creativity. The first part of dealing with a creativity
issue is making sure that you perceive the problem accurately. Another point to remember
is that your perception of reality might well be aimed at something that already exists. Your
idea might be to adapt, change, or update a concept that is already created.
89.
(p. 242)
Explain the “inspiration” step of the creative process identified by Graham Wallas.
It is the moment when the incubation and all of the struggling finally come together,
transforming the developing creativity into a solid, real concept. This magic moment
doesn’t always happen on anyone’s schedule. In fact, it can readily happen at less than
convenient times—such as in the middle of the night. However, when it does happen, the
person it happens to usually feels rewarded and positive about the next step. Wallas called
this step the happy idea(s).
90.
(p. 243)
How do managers kill creativity at the workplace?
Managers are often notorious creativity killers. Many managers have a vocabulary of killer
phrases that are designed to stop creative thoughts even before they start. Some common
ones are: “It’s not in the budget,” “Top management won’t go for it,” “We could never sell it
to the stockholders,” and “We tried that last year.”
91.
(p. 243)
How do effective managers encourage creativity among employees?
An effective manager encourages creativity among employees by creating a climate of
deferred judgment. Not all ideas will be useful, but all should be listened to before any
judgments about them are made. The manager may use a formal method for receiving
suggestions, with all employees knowing the procedure.
92.
(p. 243)
How can organizations encourage creativity?
For a creative spirit to emerge from a company or a department, the environment must
encourage enthusiasm and commitment from the employee. Work must be made
rewarding, challenging, and fulfilling for a creative atmosphere to exist. If a company shows
that the employee’s opinions are respected and valued, it will logically follow that the
employee’s creative solutions to problems will be valued as well.
93.
(p. 245)
List the rules applied in the first session of brainstorming.
The rules applied in the first session of brainstorming include: (1) Participants speak in
phrases. (2) Hitchhiking on others’ ideas is encouraged. (3) Criticism is forbidden. (4)
Silliness is encouraged. (5) Climate is relaxed. (6) All ideas are recorded. (7) A large
quantity of ideas is encouraged.
94.
(p. 245)
What are the rules applied in the second session of the brainstorming?
The rules applied in the second session of brainstorming include: (1) Return to rational
mode. (2) All ideas are analyzed and prioritized. (3). Idea duplications are eliminated. (4)
Ideas are ranked in order of importance. (5) Everyone gives evaluative input.
95.
(p. 246)
What happens after the second session of brainstorming?
After the second session before putting new ideas into place, the leader may ask some
employees to take on the task of researching the new ideas. Finally, after the new ideas
are put into place, the group may need to make adjustments or “tweak” the new process
depending on follow-up examinations of the results of these new ideas or new processes.
96.
(p. 246)
When is the nominal group method most effective?
The nominal group method can be especially effective when used with people who are shy,
unsure of themselves, or simply not used to being assertive in public. The ideas are
anonymous; nobody in the group should know who wrote what, unless the writers give
themselves away in the discussion.
97.
(p. 247)
Why is group creativity important?
As time goes on, group creativity will likely become increasingly important. Creative
problem solving— especially in teams and other groups, face–to-face or online—is a useful
skill all employees will need to develop. Since creative problem solving is one of the hot
topics of today’s workplace, new ideas for group creativity will continue to be invented. All
new techniques will try to inspire creativity in those who have not considered themselves
creative before.
98.
(p. 246)
List the steps involved in nominal group method.
Nominal grouping involves six steps: (1) Each employee puts his or her ideas down in
writing. (2) The leader lists all of the ideas up on a board or chart where everyone can see
them. (3) The leader leads a discussion to clarify the ideas and add new ones. (4) Each
group member rates the ideas and votes; the voting eliminates other ideas at this point. (5)
After the vote, there is a brief discussion of the voting results. The purpose is to clarify
points, not to persuade anyone. (6) The group casts a final vote to select the proposal or
proposals that will be used.
99.
(p. 248)
What is an open mode and how does it affect creativity?
Open mode is a state of mind where you are relaxed, expansive, less purposeful, and more
fun than in the everyday closed mode. Operating in the open mode often involves giving
100.
(p. 248)
How does self-perception affect creativity?
Self-perception is what and how you believe yourself to be. Research has shown that
people who produce more creative output are different in one major way from those who
create less: the more creative people believe that they are creative. The others have
serious doubts, and this directly hurts their performance.