Chapter 2: Diversity Legislation in a Global Perspective
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. A growing number of countries have institiuted legislation in the 21st century affecting the workplace.
What protections are they trying to provide their citizens?
a. protections against long work hours
b. protections against discrimination and harrasment
c. protections against unfair supervisory practices
d. protections against unionization
2. What is the underlying premise of The United Nations 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
a. Wider protections of the rights of individuals of diverse backgrounds transcends national context
b. Nations should limit their protections to those appropriate to their dominant culture
c. Discrepancies between laws and common practices need to be documented and rationalized
d. Religious rights and freedoms are the only fundamental rights that should be protected
3. Why is it important that managers understand the social policy practices of countries in which they are
doing business.
a. To assure adherence to employment laws and regulations
b. To understand the business context they operate within
c. To understand the underlying value system in the country
d. To assure adherence to local customs and practices
4. To practice in today’s global economy, managers need a framework to understand:
a. Gender preferences
b. Legislative and business-related social policies
c. Economic theory
d. International Bill of Human Rights
5. Where can one find an authoritative representative body that can speak to the value system of the
majority of people on earth?
a. The United Nations
b. International Association for Human Rights
c. World Health Organization
d. International Labour Organization
6. What human rights are addressed within the International Bill of Human Rights
a. Economic, social and cultural rights
b. Economic, legal, and national
c. Social, religious and moral
d. Religious, social and ethical
7. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights consists of a preamble and how many articles?
a. 20
b. 30
c. 15
d. 25
8. According to Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, human beings are entitled to
certain rights and freedoms that other creatures do not enjoy. What is the basis for this distinction?
a. Human beings are rational and moral
b. Human beings have superior intellect
c. Non human beings have no need for societal rules
d. Non human beings automatically follow the laws of nature
9. In what year did the United Nation’s General Assembly adopt the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights?
a. 1945
b. 1940
c. 1948
d. 1950
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10. Legislation and social policy stem from a value system that is shared by a people and thus represent
their collective wish to enforce these values. This is especially true in what type of country?
a. Undeveloped
b. Developing
c. Conservative
d. Democratic
11. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights assures every person, as a member of the human
society, specific economic, social, and cultural rights. All of the following rights listed in the declaration are
most relevant to employment except the following:
a. The right to social security
b. The right to economic prosperity
c. The right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being
d. The right to rest and leisure
12. Although the different articles under the declaration were designed to fit together harmoniously, there
is potential tension between the articles that assure freedom of cultural and religious expression and
those that assure equality, particularly as they apply to the workplace. Which item below is an example of
the potential tension between multiculturalism and human rights.
a. debate over standards of living adequate for health and well-being
b. debate over equal pay for equal work
c. debate over the ban on wearing religious attire in schools and in the workplace
d. debate over personnel laws requiring employment tests
13. Turkey is not the only country where hijabs, burkas, and other religious attire were or are prohibited. A
number of other countries have generated controversy in bans on wearing head coverings in public
places. Why have national and international human rights organizations criticized the practice?
a. They believe religious practices should be done in private not public places
b. They believe it is an archaiac practice which should be ended
c. They believe it is a human rights violation
d. They believe the clothing is too restrictive and prohibits movement
14. Based on what principle did Turkey historically ban women from wearing hijabs in schools,
workplaces, and other public locations?
a. The principle of religiosity
b. The principle of state secularism
c. The principle of religious attire
d. The priniciple of domestic tranquility
15. Critics of the laws which restrict the wearing of burkas, hijabs and other religious attire cite numerous
arguments as to why the restrictions are harmful to the right of freedom of religion. Which argument below
represents the proponents view?
a. The restrictions allow individuals to not be burdened by religious customs in the workplace
b. The restrictions promote a secular society and therefore quarantee equality in the public arena
c. The restrictions are necessary to maintain religious customs
d. The restrictions are necessary to avoid health and safety hazards
16. The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights entered into force on January 3,
1976. As of June 2012, the Covenant had been ratified or acceded to by how many states?
a. 150
b. 70
c. 164
d. 200
17. The principles of secularism in the public arena (as in Turkey) and of freedom from religion (as in
France) are used to justify:
a. A ban on gender discrimination in schools and in the workplace
b. A ban on different languages in schools and in the workplace
c. A ban on prominent religious attire in schools and in the workplace
d. Appropriate religious attire in schools and the workplace
18. All of the following are conventions relevant to workforce diversity except:
a. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
b. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
c. The International Convention on the Protection of Gender Equity
d. The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of
Their Families
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19. Saudi Arabia’s constitution, provides protection of human rights in accordance with the Islamic
Shari’ah. What common protections are explicitly excluded from the Saudi Arabia constitution?
a. Sex
b. Ethnicity
c. Colour
d. Pregnancy
20. Which country’s constitution, adopted by royal decree of King Fahd in March 1992, includes no
statement of equality related to gender, race, or ethnicity?
a. Luxemburg
b. Thailand
c. England
d. Saudi Arabia
21. Often the obstacles for implementation are ___________ and long-existing __________ that are
discriminatory
a. Non-traditional; theories
b. Superficial; problems
c. Traditional; cultural practices
d. Simple; cultural practices
22. The first important step for many countries is to have antidiscrimination legislation, what else is
necessary to make a real difference?
a. The laws must be implemented and enforced
b. The laws must address every type of possible discrimnation
c. The laws must include strong penalties and jail time
d. The laws must be routinely modified to reflect current societal mores
23. In a Committee on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women report, Russia was identified as
banning 456 occupations and 38 branches of industry from women. What was the reason the Russian
authorities offer for the ban?
a. Women traditionally have not wanted to do that type work
b. The work needed to be reserved for men who needed the higher income to take care of the family
c. The work was too arduous, dangerous or harmful to women’s health
d. All of the above
24. A field experiment conducted in the United States to examine the effects of perceived race and
ethnicity on the decision of employers to call job applicants for interviews found that the résumés with the
White-sounding names received more callbacks for interviews. By what percent higher did perceived
white applicants receive call backs?
a. 20%
b. 50%
c. 15%
d. 60%
25. Belgium has been noted to have adequate legislation with respect to racial and ethnic discrimination,
Yet the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in its March 2002 meeting expressed
concern in regards to Belgium. What was the committee concerned about?
a. Expiring legislation leaving many citizens unprotected from harassment
b. Difficult access of ethnic minorities to housing and employment
c. The legislation did not cover protections for sexual orientation
d. There was weak enforcement of existing legislation
26. Most democratic and many nondemocratic countries today ban job discrimination that is related to:
a. age, gender and religion
b. religion, ethnicity and gender
c. gender, race, and ethnicity
d. gender, disability and race
27. A number of countries were assessed and it was found that the most popular forms of
antidiscrimination and equal rights legislation included protections of all of the following except:
a. gender or sex
b. ethnicity or country of origin
c. religious beliefs
d. physical features
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28. What percent of countries reviewed by the International Labour Organization (ILO) provided
protection for at least one of the most popular forms of antidiscrimination and equal rights legislation?
a. 68%
b. 25%
c. 33%
d. 88%
29. What countries currently provide protections against discrimination based on pregnancy or family
status?
a. Australia
b. South Africa
c. United States
d. United Kingdom
30. In 2003, the public University of the State of Rio de Janeiro reserved 40 percent of its admissions for
people who declared themselves as “negro” or “pardo”. What type of data did the school use during the
admission selection process to help determine if the applicant met the criteria for the racial quota?
a. Requested family birth records dating back to the great– grandparents
b. Requested parental signatures certifying the accuracy of the students statements
c. Requested dna data analysis
d. Requested a picture or conducted an in-person interview
31. Some critics of affirmative action theorize that that minority students are actually harmed by policies,
like affirmative action, that allow them to attend an elite school for which they may lack adequate
academic preparation. This theory is called:
a. Mismatch theory
b. Anti-affirmative action theory
c. Do no harm theory
d. Elitism theory
32. The opinion that there is scientific evidence demonstrating differences in capabilities, learning,
maturity, and capacity for education in general between Whites and African Americans is referred to as:
a. Darwin’s law
b. Scientific racism
c. Capacity realism
d. Law of superiority
33. In the United States, civil rights legislation, from the 1960s and later, outlawed job discrimination on
the basis of:
a. Sex
b. Education
c. Marital status
d. Socioecconomic status
34. What country’s relatively recent legislation provides a very broad protection from a wide variety of
discrimination characteristics, including “race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social
origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth?”
a. South Africa
b. Canada
c. United States
d. Europe
35. What guidelines did the Basic Law for Gender-Equal Society legislation, introduced April 1, 1999,
include?
a. Prohibiting discriminatory advertisements in the hiring process
b. Tips for gender specific interview questions
c. The elimination of gender neutral facilities
d. Capacity building incentives for women
36. Equal remuneration legislation requires:
a. Equal access to job opportunities
b. Equal working conditions for men and women
c. Work organizations to pay men and women workers equally for the same work or work of similar nature
d. Equal protection of both sexes
37. The Japanese 1986 Equal Employment Opportunity Act revised in 2006 encouraged companies to:
a. Not ask for information about felony conviction in initial application
b. Eliminate existing gender gaps and discrimination in their workforce
c. Increase the pay gap between men and women
d. Not review employee social media accounts as a basis for employment
38. The Lilly Ledbetter Wage Bill was aimed at:
a. Providing a tax break for returning jobs back to the United States
b. Banning job discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity
c. Closing a loophole in the U.S. legislation related to equal pay for equal work
d. Providing jobs for immigrant workers in the United States
39. In 2008, the headquarters for the Promotion of Gender Equality had formulated a Program for the
Acceleration of Women’s Social Participation. The program provides opportunities to assist women with:
a. Equal pay for equal work
b. Finding suitable childcare
c. Achieving work-life balance opportunities and education for women
d. Access to higher education
40. Much less common in international legislation is protection based on __________.
a. Sexual orientation
b. Age discrimination
c. Race discrimination
d. Religious affiliation
41. An important evolution of the law now requires that the judge or jury see harassment through the eyes
of the:
a. Attorney
b. Reasonable Person
c. Victim
d. Prosecutor
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42. The directive on the equal treatment of persons in the labor market, adopted by the EU Council of
Ministers on June 7, 2000, and amended October 5, 2002, calls for all EU members to:
a. Implement a gender equity pay scale
b. Set up national bodies and civil remedies to ensure their enforcement
c. Encourage employers to promote more women into leadership positions
d. Establish procedures to combat sexual harrassment
43. Which of the following are not part of the United States, civil rights legislation?
a. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
b. Equal Pay Act of 1963
c. Transgender Discrimination Act
d. Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
44. While very similar in the areas of employment discrimination and employment equity, the United
States and Canada differ on which of the following:
a. provisions to accommodate people with disabilities in employment
b. protections for religious beliefs
c. protections based on gender or sex
d. protections based on race
45. In Japan Law No. 107 of June 1995 was hailed as breakthrough legislation for its protection of
discrimination against women. However, the law has its weaknesses, what has Japan found to still be the
problem with the legislation?
a. The law still allowed unfair protection practices
b. The las was overly restrictive to business causing lost profits
c. The law required only that employers “do their best”
d. The law did not cover part time workers
46. The European Union’s fight against discrimination includes taking action on which of the following?
a. Push for diversity training
b. Development of local anti-discrimination policies
c. Support for NGOs and social partners
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d. Annual report on the status of an organizations’s workforce composition
47. South Africa’s antidiscrimination has two interesting elements, the first is that their diversity list is far
more inclusive than those of many other nations. What is the second interesting element?
a. It is the newest antidiscrimination legislation among the nations, only being implemented in 2000
b. It only applies to the White Afrikaners which constitue 13% of the population
c. Only “unfair discrimination” is banned
d. It was supported by 90% of the South African population
48. According to the US Civil Rights Act of 1991, a practice that is seemingly neutral can still be unlawful.
Under what circumstances would that be true?
a. If the practice was more than 100 years old
b. If the practice conflicted with laws in the Bill of Rights
c. If the practice was inconsistently followed
d. If the practice had a discriminatory impact
49. Employees who are treated unfairly are more likely to be less ___________ and less ____________.
a. Motivated; Trustworthy
b. Loyal; accountable
c. Resilient ; Engaged
d. Mission focused ; goal-oriented
50. New developments included in the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) manual
________ discrimination by an American employer even when the employer is operating abroad?
a. Ignore
b. Condone
c. Prohibit
d. Authorize
True/False
1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is part of the International Bill of Human Rights
2. In democratic countries, the laws represent a value system shared by the people.
3. Article 2, of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights sets out the basic principle of equality and
nondiscrimination with respect to human rights and fundamental freedoms, forbids “distinction of any kind,
such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property,
birth or other status.”
4. The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, which includes the employment-
related nondiscrimination articles, entered into force on January 3, 1976 are legally binding on all states
regardless of whether the state has accepted them by ratification or accession.
5. Much more common in international legislation is protection based on sexual orientation.
6. The scope of protections against sexual harassment varies minimally among countries.
7. A growing number of insurance carriers are now offering employment practices liability insurance
specific to foreign countries’ labor laws.
8. The legal definitions of sexual harassment and the protections provided under the law are similar from
one country to the next.
9. The United States laws extend to protect employees based on political beliefs and membership in
organizations.
10. According to the Dothard and Rawlinson decision (1977), the prison that turned down a woman
because she did not meet the minimum height and weight requirements to become a prison guard was in
violation with the law?
11. The Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, signed by President Barack Obama was aimed at closing a loophole
in prior US Legislation.
12. Sexual orientation is commonly a protection found in international legislation
13. Sweden has more legislation against sexual orientation discrimination than any other country.
14. Many countries around the world do not have adequate discrimination legislation.
15. Sociologist Émile Durkheim, predicted almost a century ago that a society that loses its organic
solidarity—an internal compass for what is right and wrong—must turn to the courts for relief.
Essay
1. Historically, women in Turkey were prohibited from participating in education and doing paid or unpaid
work in public places while wearing a hijab, or the traditional religious head covering. How did this affect
impacted women?
2. Antidiscrimination legislation varies country by country. In the past the courts have held that the laws ot
the country of origin rather than the host country. What are the implications of this policy for today’s global
organizations?
3. What was the first major anti-discrimination legislation signed by President Obama, and why was it put
into law?
4. A survey conducted by the Committee on Asian Women (CAW) examined the legal provision for
protection and prevention of sexual harassment at the workplace among a select number of Asian
countries. Describe their findings. Were provisions existent? Were the provisions the same among the
selected Asian countries?
5. What are the two philosophical principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
6. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has not been formally accepted by all governments around
the world. What case can be made that the declaration is truly universal in scope? Has it achieved its goal
of protection of antidiscrimination around the globe? Support your points.
7. Diversity related employment legislation varies widely country by country. While many countries
provide protection on the most common discrimination basis (gender, race, sex, religion, etc), which
protections should be considered ‘must have’ by all nations? Support your points of what should be
included.