e. the young Shoshone woman whom William Clark married during his winter in North Dakota.
67. Which statement is true about the impact of the U.S. acquisition of New Orleans on African–Americans who
lived in the city?
a. U.S laws restricted the freedom of free and enslaved African-Americans more harshly than French and
Spanish laws did.
b. Under U.S. rule, slaves and free blacks had easy access to the court system.
c. U.S. laws recognized free blacks as equals to whites and, therefore, worthy of enjoying the privileges of
citizenship.
d. It was much easier for slaves to gain their freedom under U.S. rule.
e. The United States quickly abolished the principle of “community property” within marriage that had
been prevalent in Spanish and French civil codes.
68. Which of the following statements is true of New Orleans under Spanish rule?
a. Men and women enjoyed complete legal equality, which was unheard of in the United States.
b. Slavery was illegal for any men over the age of 21 and women over the age of 18.
c. Slave women had the right to go to court for protection against cruelty or rape by their owners.
d. An owner could not free his or her slaves without special permission from the Spanish monarch.
e. Native Americans had been considered full citizens, with all of the rights and privileges associated with that
status.
69. Why did Jefferson use the U.S. Navy against North African states?
a. French pirates held American merchant ships hostage, and Jefferson sent in the navy after his agreeing to
pay a ransom failed to fix the problem.
b. Jefferson wanted to disarm the pasha of Tripoli, who had gathered weapons he planned to use against the
United States.
c. Plantation owners wanted to import more Africans before the international slave trade became illegal in
1808, and they needed American firepower to help them do it.
d. Jefferson had tried to cut the naval budget, and Federalists had accused him of being wishy-washy;
Jefferson wanted to show that he could be tough.
e. Tripoli had declared war on the United States after Jefferson refused demands for increased payments to the
Barbary pirates.
70. The Barbary Wars
a. resulted in the creation of the Federalist Party.
b. resulted in the Louisiana Purchase.
c. were an excuse for Jefferson to expand the navy, as he always wanted to.
d. helped to lay the foundation of American Islamophobia.
e. resulted from the Embargo Act.
71. Which of the following was true of the Embargo Act of 1807?
a. It banned trade with Indians due to attacks on American settlers in the West.
b. The act passed despite opposition from President Thomas Jefferson.
c. This policy hurt Great Britain more than it did American merchants.
d. Americans were prohibited from sending ships to foreign ports.
e. It led to the British and French governments reaching out to negotiate with Jefferson about free trade.
72. The Embargo Act most reminded Americans of which of the following policies that predated the
Revolutionary War?
a. the Stamp Act
b. the Sugar Act
c. the Intolerable Acts
d. the Townshend Acts
e. the Alien and Sedition Acts
73. Jefferson’s Embargo Act
a. was successful in restoring freedom of the seas.
b. stopped the policy of impressment.
c. severely hurt the economies of France and England.
d. provoked war with France.
e. caused economic depression within the United States.
74. Which policy or action showed Jefferson contradicting his own philosophy on government?
a. Jefferson’s advocacy for the Embargo Act
b. Jefferson’s cutting funding for the military
c. Jefferson’s paying down the national debt
d. Jefferson’s ending most taxes
e. Jefferson’s release of political prisoners
75. Which of the following contributed to the United States going to war in 1812?
a. Madison’s refusal to support Macon’s Bill no. 2
b. Great Britain’s announcement that it would end the impressment of American sailors
c. Congressional War Hawks who pressed for territorial expansion into Florida and Canada
d. Tecumseh’s victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe
e. The Republican insistence on high tariffs
76. The War Hawks in Congress included
a. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.
b. John Randolph and Rufus King.
c. Oliver Perry and Francis Scott Key.
d. Andrew Jackson and William H. Harrison.
e. Carter Glass and Ernest Hollings.
77. Which of the following was an aim of the War Hawks?
a. securing exclusive trading rights with France
b. acquiring the territory that is now Texas and New Mexico
c. securing states’ rights as opposed to national honor
d. annexing Canada
e. ending all international trade
78. Why did Thomas Jefferson encourage traders to lend money to Indians?
a. to finance the Indians’ transition to an agricultural economy
b. to end African-American slavery
c. to weaken the power of the traders
d. to trap the Indians in debt they could not pay back
e. to secure Indian aid during the War of 1812
79. Who wrote that he hoped that the purchase of Louisiana would lead to the transplanting of all the Indians from east
of the Mississippi to west of the Mississippi?
a. Andrew Jackson
b. Thomas Jefferson
c. George Washington
d. William Henry Harrison
e. James Monroe
80. What was part of the Jefferson administration’s policy toward Native Americans?
a. providing literary education programs to assimilate Indians into American literary culture
b. trying to prevent tribes from moving beyond the Mississippi River
c. encouraging tribes to adopt African-American slavery as a means of assimilating into American culture
d. encouraging traders to lend Indians money so they could attain a higher standard of living
e. prohibiting settled farms among Indians so they were not able to sustain themselves financially
81. Among the Indians, what was the period from 1800 to 1812 considered?
a. an “age of prophecy,” marked by movements for the revitalization of Native American life
b. the “great weeping,” marked by the utter hopelessness and lack of effort on the part of Native
Americans
c. an “age of dissension,” marked by the total rejection of white ways by all Native American leaders
d. a “period of abundance,” marked by the final years before whites began infringing on Native American
rights
e. the “migration to Europe,” marked by the relocation of most Native Americans to European countries
82. Which of the following occurrences was a precursor to the War of 1812?
a. Tecumseh signed the Treaty of Greenville.
b. The British attacked American frontier settlements.
c. Jefferson signed the Louisiana Purchase.
d. The British blockaded the American coastline.
e. William Henry Harrison attacked Native American villages.
83. Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa were brothers who
a. preached a militant message to Native Americans early in the nineteenth century.
b. were chiefs of adjacent tribes, the Shawnee and the Seneca.
c. fought beside Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans.
d. both died at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
e. differed on whether Indians or whites were more at fault for Native American problems.
84. How do Tenskwatawa and Neolin compare in regard to their philosophies?
a. Tenskwatawa wanted Native Americans to assimilate into white American culture.
b. Neolin advocated peaceful resistance against the British.
c. Both men wanted to sign treaties with white settlers and share the land.
d. Neolin wanted Native Americans to assimilate and adapt white American culture.
e. Both men wanted to reject the white man’s culture.
85. Handsome Lake of the Seneca held what belief in regard to Indians’ relationship with whites?
a. The only way for Indians to gain independence was through guerilla warfare.
b. Indians had to renounce all ways of life they had learned from whites.
c. Drinking and gambling were key to Indians earning the favor of whites.
d. Indians could regain their autonomy without directly challenging whites.
e. It was hopeless to work for Indian autonomy, and it was best to submit to white authority.
86. Tenskwatawa was a Shawnee religious prophet who
a. called for the revival of traditional Indian culture.
b. promoted Euro-American farming techniques.
c. disagreed with his brother Tecumseh’s resistance to federal policies.
d. urged Indians to consume more American products.
e. called for Shawnee representation in Congress.
87. Tecumseh was a Shawnee chief who
a. promoted the Euro-American concept of individual private property.
b. sought to revive Neolin’s pan-Indian alliance.
c. was a pacifist.
d. was a supporter of the U.S. treaty system.
e. argued that assimilation was the only alternative to extermination.
88. What was the purpose of Tecumseh’s 1810 “Speech to the Osage”?
a. to win the military support of the Osage in a war against the white people
b. to pledge loyalty to the Americans in the conflict that would become the War of 1812
c. to urge the Osage to accept Christianity and adopt agricultural lifestyles
d. to threaten the Osage with military retribution for stealing horses from the Shawnee
e. to praise the Osage’s progress in establishing effective self-government
89. How does Tecumseh characterize white Americans in his 1810 “Speech to the Osage”?
a. as certain to defeat all Indians due to their superior force
b. as a mix of friends and foes, who should always be dealt with individually
c. as fellow children of the Great Spirit
d. as a military ally to the Shawnee
e. as greedy, untrustworthy, and determined to destroy all Indians
90. When President James Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain in 1812,
a. it was the fifth time Congress had declared war on another country.
b. the Federalists voted overwhelmingly in favor of the war.
c. the South and West were against the war.
d. the northern states voted strongly for the war.
e. it was approved by the smallest margin of any war declaration in U.S. history.
91. What was a challenge for the United States during the War of 1812?
a. Before the war began, it did not have an army.
b. It had to fight both the British and the Spanish.
c. Most Americans in the South and West strongly opposed the war.
d. Without a national bank, the war was difficult to finance.
e. It had no allies among the Native American tribes.
92. What was a factor in the coming of the War of 1812?
a. European interference with American trade in the Atlantic
b. American impressment of British sailors into the American navy
c. warfare between Britain and Spain
d. British attacks on Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
e. American War Hawks’ desires to annex Mexico and conquer Canada
93. After Andrew Jackson defeated hostile Creeks in Alabama during the War of 1812,
a. he required the tribe to cede more than half its land to the federal government.
b. he made sure to stipulate that the Creeks who fought with him would keep their land.
c. he retired from public life.
d. he went on to suffer a crushing defeat in the Battle of New Orleans.
e. he decided to prohibit freed men of color from joining his military ranks.
94. During the War of 1812, America’s greatest success in a land battle against the British took place where?
a. New Orleans
b. Washington, D.C.
c. Pittsburgh
d. Yorktown
e. Ontario
95. When Andrew Jackson had the chance to obtain African–American help to fight the British in the Battle of
New Orleans, he
a. refused on the grounds that, as a slaveholder, he could not accept their aid.
b. discovered that all the blacks in New Orleans had left the city to support the British.
c. recruited free men of color and promised them the same pay that white recruits received.
d. accepted only enslaved men, to whom he offered freedom as a form of payment.
e. accepted, but that so angered the white recruits that he later dismissed all the black soldiers.
96. The treaty that ended the War of 1812
a. gave the United States large tracts of land in the West.
b. gave Canada the option of joining the United States.
c. was a humiliating treaty for Britain.
d. restored the prewar status quo.
e. resulted in the United States losing land to Canada.
97. After the War of 1812, Americans were compensated for lost slaves
a. by an international arbitration agreement decided by the Russian tsar.
b. by the Treaty of Ghent.
c. by Canadian towns buying the slaves’ freedom.
d. by the slaves purchasing their freedom.
e. by forcing France to pay Britain’s debts.
98. Which of the following was a result of the War of 1812?
a. Madison’s Republican Party disappeared as a significant political group.
b. Andrew Jackson was court-martialed for fighting the British after the war ended.
c. Indians became increasingly powerful in the Old Northwest and the South.
d. Americans felt ready to go to war again with Europe.
e. The United States completed its conquest of the area east of the Mississippi River.
99. What was a result of the War of 1812?
a. The British posed a greater threat to American control of the land east of the Mississippi.
b. White settlers fled Indiana, Michigan, Alabama, and Mississippi.
c. Indians lost a great deal of land in the South.
d. Indians in the Old Northwest gained a great deal of power.
e. Andrew Jackson lost popularity.
100. What happened along the U.S.-Canada border during the Embargo Act of 1807?
a. The United States attacked British forts.
b. All trade halted between Americans and Canadians.
c. The smuggling of goods increased.
d. France regained part of Quebec.
e. Indians attacked a town in Vermont.
101. What was the overall effect of the American invasions of Canada in 1775 and during the War of 1812?
a. All trade ceased between the two nations from 1814 to 1848.
b. Many Canadians migrated south into New England.
c. Americans continued to plan ways to gain Canada.
d. Stereotypes developed on both sides of the border that still resonate today.
e. The British asked that the Maine territory be incorporated into Canada.
102. Which of the following was an outcome of the War of 1812?
a. The United States gained territory in what had been southern Ontario.
b. Both the British and Americans awarded land to Indians along the Canada-U.S. border.
c. Canada signed a trade agreement with the United States.
d. The American government signed a mutual defense treaty with France.
e. Americans became more interested in territory in the West as opposed to Canada.
103. What was one factor that contributed to the downfall of the Federalists?
a. Their call for secession from the union angered Republicans, who ousted them from the government.
b. Their elitism and distrust of popular self–government was at odds with the nation’s increasingly democratic
ethos.
c. Their advocacy for equal rights for Native Americans was unpopular with a large majority of farmers.
d. The southern plantation owners whose interests they championed were a too–small part of the electorate.
e. The delegates at the Republican Party’s Hartford Convention voted to ban the Federalist Party.
104. Why did the United States become a one-party nation following the War of 1812?
a. The Republicans were blamed for the British victory in Washington, D.C., and therefore lost power.
b. The Hartford Convention’s allegedly treasonous activities fatally damaged the Federalist Party’s reputation.
c. Under the Alien and Sedition Acts, Madison was able to silence all opposition.
d. James Monroe’s universal popularity as a hero of the War of 1812 made his Republican Party unbeatable.
e. The Federalists were so pleased with the war’s outcome that they endorsed a union with the Republicans at
their 1816 convention in Hartford.
105. What was the significance of the Hartford Convention?
a. It was a sign of growing tensions between America and Canada.
b. It resulted in the elimination of the three-fifths clause.
c. It irrevocably turned public opinion against the Federalist Party.
d. It featured the first call for secession in American history.
e. It was the grounds for a treason trial against DeWitt Clinton.
106. Which of the following was a factor in the decline of the Federalist Party?
a. its abolitionist platform
b. its lack of funds
c. its refusal to participate in the Hartford Convention
d. its failure to mobilize voters
e. its support of popular self-government
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Gabriel
___ 2. Tecumseh
___ 3. John Marshall
___ 4. John Fries
___ 5. Matthew Lyon
___ 6. Mary Wollstonecraft
___ 7. Benjamin Franklin
___ 8. Toussaint L’Ouverture
___ 9. Henry Clay
___ 10. Aaron Burr
___ 11. Judith Sargent Murray
a. was accused under the Sedition Act
b. served as chief justice of the Supreme Court
c. was a Haitian slave revolutionary
d. organized a slave rebellion in America
e. was a Pennsylvania militia leader tried for treason
f. served as president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society
g. shot Alexander Hamilton in a duel
h. wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
i. acted as a leader of the War Hawks
j. argued for equal educational opportunities for women
k. led efforts to revive a pan-Indian movement
TEST 2
___ 1. strict constructionists
___ 2. Jay’s Treaty
___ 3. Fries’s Rebellion
___ 4. Louisiana Territory
___ 5. War Hawks
___ 6. Marbury v. Madison
___ 7. Virginia resolution
___ 8. impressments
___ 9. Sedition Act
___ 10. quasi-war
___ 11. Hartford Convention
___ 12. XYZ Affair
a. established the power of judicial review
b. was a bribery scandal the hurt America’s relationship with a former ally
c. attacked the Sedition Act as unconstitutional and was directed at the federal government
d. was an uprising by farmers in Pennsylvania
e. was an unofficial conflict with France, with French ships seizing American ships in the Caribbean
f. was the practice of forcing American sailors into the British navy
g. placed restrictions on freedom of the press and was part of the greatest crisis of the Adams administration
h. called for amending the three-fifths clause and signaled the end of the Federalist Party
i. name for a new generation of political leaders who called for war against Britain
j. felt that the government could only do exactly what the Constitution stated
k. was negotiated with Britain and recognized British economic and naval supremacy as unavoidable facts of life
l. cost $15 million, and its purchase became the greatest achievement of Jefferson’s presidency
True/False
1. Alexander Hamilton was the first secretary of the treasury.
2. Congress passed all of Alexander Hamilton’s financial plans except for subsidies for manufacturing.
3. Most of the public government buildings constructed around 1800 in Washington, D.C., were built using slave
labor.
4. Edmond-Charles Genet acted as an agent for Great Britain, trying to gain American support for the British in
their war with France.
5. Jay’s Treaty effectively destroyed the American alliance with France.
6. The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 proved to Federalists that democracy in the hands of the ordinary citizenry was
dangerous.
7. The Republican Party of today started in the 1790s.
8. The Democratic-Republican Societies were composed mainly of Federalists who were seeking to eliminate
differences between the parties and were modeled on the debate clubs of ancient Rome.
9. Newspapers and pamphlets were a primary vehicle for political debate in the early republic.
10. Women were counted fully in determining representation in Congress, and there was nothing specifically limiting
women’s rights in the Constitution.
11. The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions resulted from opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
12. The Twelfth Amendment required electors to cast separate votes for president and vice president.
13. The expectation that a defeated party will peacefully cede to the victor was established by John Adams
following the election of 1800.
14. Seeing the events as an extension of America’s progress of liberty, Thomas Jefferson supported the Haitian
Revolution and the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation in 1804.
15. Slave artisans played a prominent role in Gabriel’s Rebellion.
16. Jefferson’s presidency was characterized by a commitment to the policies that the Federalists had established.
17. Jefferson was interested in the Louisiana Territory because he wanted to secure permanent access to the port of
New Orleans.
18. The usefulness of the Lewis and Clark expedition was hampered by their failure to keep written records of what they
had seen.
19. Most of the Indians Lewis and Clark encountered on their expedition had never met white people before.
20. Much of Louisiana’s population was either slaves or free people of color at the time of the Louisiana Purchase.
21. Following the purchase of Louisiana, the lives of Louisiana’s slaves improved somewhat from the brutal
conditions they had experienced under the rule of Spain.
22. The Embargo Act was devastating to the British and French.
23. By the early 1800s, some members of the Creek and Cherokee tribes were living like white Americans as
traders and slaveholders.
24. Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa tried to revive a pan-Indian movement and unite against the white man.
25. Free trade and sailors’ rights were two issues that drew the United States into the War of 1812.
26. The War of 1812 was a military success for the United States.
27. The aftermath of the War of 1812 confirmed the ability of a republican government to conduct a war without
surrendering its institutions.
28. As during the American Revolution, the United States’ attempted invasion of Canada failed during the War of
1812.
Short Answer
Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
Essay
1. George Washington stated that “the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the republican model
of government” depended on the success of the American experiment in self-government. What does this statement
mean? How and why did Americans come to see that freedom was the special genius of American institutions?
2. Alexander Hamilton’s plan called for commercial industrialization, which many Americans viewed positively.
Explain why some Americans opposed Hamilton’s position. What were some of the alternative plans for
development?
3. The men who wrote the Constitution did not envision the active and continuing involvement of ordinary citizens
in affairs of state. Describe the various ways in which ordinary citizens became involved in political concerns. Be
sure to include how the concepts of liberty and freedom were used (refer to Voices of Freedom) and explain who
was excluded from political discourse in the period from 1790 to 1815.
4. Women were increasingly coming to believe that they too had the right to knowledge, education, public discourse,
and employment. Discuss the various arguments being made in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries
by women regarding their changing roles in the new republic.
5. “The Sedition Act thrust freedom of expression to the center of discussions of American liberty.” Defend this
statement. Be sure to include in your response a discussion of the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions.
6. In what ways can Thomas Jefferson’s presidency be considered a revolution? Did his presidency deliver an
“Empire of Liberty” as he envisioned? Why or why not?
7. What liberties and freedoms of Americans were being violated by European powers prior to the War of 1812?
How did Jefferson and Madison view liberty in terms of British and French behavior on the seas? How did the War
Hawks view liberty? Was war the only answer by 1812?
8. Did the United States really win the War of 1812? Examine the terms of the peace settlement. What happened to
the Canadian borderland? What was gained? What was the greater victory for America?