practices.
d. He believed they should be driven from the continent entirely, so as to keep the population “pure.”
e. He believed that Indians had perfected harmonious living and aimed to learn from them.
104. The 1790 Naturalization Act established a policy of “open immigration” and naturalization for
a. all people of the world.
b. white Europeans.
c. Asians.
d. Africans.
e. Indians.
105. Approximately how many slaves were living in America by 1790?
a. 700,000
b. 100,000
c. 70,000
d. 20,000
e. 5,000
106. During the early years of the republic, African-Americans
a. were far fewer in number than Native Americans.
b. enjoyed none of the rights whites enjoyed.
c. far exceeded the Indian population within the United States.
d. were all held as slaves except for a few free blacks in Massachusetts.
e. found a champion for the cause of emancipation in George Washington.
107. What did Thomas Jefferson believe regarding individuals’ abilities and achievements?
a. They were completely random and unpredictable.
b. They were predestined by God.
c. They were directly tied to race and were unchangeable.
d. They were shaped by social conditions and thus changeable over time.
e. They were tied entirely to environment but unrelated to race or intelligence.
108. Who was allowed to become a citizen following the Naturalization Act of 1790?
a. children of slaves
b. German immigrants
c. free blacks not born in the United States
d. Japanese immigrants
e. Native Americans
109. Which of the following views of African-Americans did Thomas Jefferson express?
a. They were unfit for economic independence and political self-government.
b. Those held in slavery should be emancipated immediately and every former slave family should be given
a forty-acre farm in a western territory.
c. If legally free, they should be allowed to marry white persons.
d. They were naturally as intelligent as whites but lacked educational opportunities.
e. They were destined to someday hold an equal place in society with whites.
110. Who appears to have fathered one or more children with his slave?
a. John Adams
b. Thomas Jefferson
c. George Washington
d. Ben Franklin
e. Benjamin Rush
111. Which was a development in the late eighteenth century that represented an increase in freedoms and rights
for Americans?
a. Women entered the public sphere as teachers and lawyers.
b. Ex-slaves were given the right to vote in southern states.
c. Children were granted explicit legal rights under the Bill of Rights.
d. Indentured servitude and apprenticeship declined.
e. Indians were granted the right to vote in the Northwest Territory.
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Alexander Hamilton
___ 2. Daniel Shays
___ 3. Henry Knox
___ 4. John Adams
___ 5. Hector Crèvecoeur
___ 6. George Washington
___ 7. Thomas Jefferson
___ 8. Little Turtle
___ 9. Patrick Henry
___ 10. James Madison
___ 11. Arthur St. Clair
___ 12. James Winthrop
a. was an Anti-Federalist who condemned slavery but feared abolition
b. suffered defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, leading to the Treaty of Greenville
c. wrote Notes on the State of Virginia
d. wrote Letters from an American Farmer
e. led an uprising of Massachusetts farmers
f. wrote an Anti–Federalist essay signed “Agrippa”
g. willed his slaves to be freed upon the death of his wife
h. was defeated by Little Turtle in the Ohio Valley
i. served as a diplomat to England and was unable to attend the Constitutional Convention
j. wrote most of The Federalist essays
k. was the “father of the Constitution” and the lifelong disciple and ally of Thomas Jefferson
l. was secretary of war during Washington’s administration
TEST 2
___ 1. Articles of Confederation
___ 2. Federalism
___ 3. Virginia Plan
___ 4. checks and balances
___ 5. The Federalist
___ 6. New Jersey Plan
___ 7. three-fifths clause
___ 8. Treaty of Greenville
___ 9. Naturalization Act of 1790
___ 10. Bill of Rights
___ 11. importation of slaves
___ 12. Somerset case
a. established the annuity system
b. called for a unicameral system
c. was the first American constitution written
d. was abolished in the United States on January 1, 1808
e. called for two houses based on proportional representation
f. was another name for the separation of powers
g. was a basic political principle sometimes called the division of powers
h. were written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay to generate support for Constitutional ratification
i. amendments to the Constitution
j. held that citizenship was limited to whites only
k. provided that some of the slave population would be counted in determining each state’s representation
l. ruled slavery unlawful in England
True/False
1. At the time of independence, the nation was largely urban, with most of its population residing in the large
seacoast cities.
2. The U.S. Constitution of 1787 was America’s first written constitution.
3. Congress nearly passed a clause in the Ordinance of 1784 that would have prohibited slavery throughout the
West.
4. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 did not acknowledge that the Indians owned their land.
5. States called out militias to stop foreclosures on the homes of debtors.
6. Shays’s Rebellion demonstrated to many leading Americans the need for a more central government to ensure
private liberty.
7. Rhode Island’s refusal to send delegates to the Constitutional Convention reflected the fact that the state
already had well-established trade and debt relief policies.
8. The Constitutional delegates who met in Philadelphia represented all of American society, as they were a
mix of laborers, farmers, merchants, and politicians.
9. Alexander Hamilton proposed in the Constitutional Convention that the president and senators serve life
terms.
10. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-house legislature in which each state had one vote.
11. The Articles of Confederation employed the principles of federalism.
12. The Constitution is a lengthy, wordy document that outlines the structure of government in great detail.
13. The U.S. Constitution as written in 1787 does not use the words “slave” or “slavery.”
14. In the U.S. Constitution, the fugitive slave clause kept the condition of bondage for a slave even if he or she
escaped to a free state.
15. James Madison argued in The Federalist that the large size and diversity of the United States was a source of
political stability, not a weakness.
16. Anti-Federalists were concerned that the Constitution severely limited liberty.
17. Two of the original thirteen states initially refused to ratify the Constitution.
18. So adamant was he about separating church and state that James Madison opposed the appointment of chaplains
to serve Congress and the military.
19. The Bill of Rights was celebrated by Americans upon its authoring and soon became a staple of public school
education for decades.
20. Battles over Indian territory continued after ratification of the Constitution.
21. Thomas Jefferson believed Indians could be the equals of whites if they abandoned their communal ideas of
land ownership.
22. Indians and whites shared an understanding of freedom that included land ownership and the right to vote in
the new American government.
23. The U.S. Constitution of 1787 provided a clear definition of U.S. citizenship that excluded blacks.
24. Crèvecoeur’s Letters from an American Farmer described America as a melting pot of Europeans.
25. James Madison wrote and published the book Notes on the State of Virginia.
26. Jefferson believed that African-Americans could eventually achieve economic independence and practice
effective self-government.
27. George Washington made a significant statement about slavery when he freed his slaves before taking the
presidential office.
Short Answer
Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
Essay
1. Compare the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution. Which document did a better job of protecting
liberties? Running a government? Explain your answer with specific examples.
2. How did the framers of the Constitution balance the competing claims of local self-government, sectional interests,
and national authority?
3. Who became full-fledged members of the American political community under the U.S. Constitution? Fully
explain what criteria were used and who was excluded from membership.
4. James Madison declared, “Liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty as well as the abuses of power.”
This statement reflected a concern that public liberty might endanger private liberty. Carefully analyze this
concern. Why might some Americans take this view? Which liberty was more valued? How did the final
Constitution reflect this concern?
5. Identify the three major ways that the U.S. Constitution addressed the institution of slavery. Would you say the
Constitution was a proslavery or an anti-slavery document? Explain your answer.
6. Explain the arguments of the Anti-Federalists. How did they define liberty and what role did they see government
having in protecting that liberty?
7. What do you see as the chief contributions of the Bill of Rights to American life today?
8. Using Letters from an American Farmer and Notes on the State of Virginia, discuss the reach of American
citizenship. What did it take to be free and to have liberties in the new nation? According to Crèvecoeur and
Jefferson, would there ever be a time when America might be a melting pot of more than just white Europeans?
9. As Benjamin Franklin left the room in which the Constitutional Convention was held, supposedly a woman asked
him, “What have you men given us in there?” He replied, “A republic, if you can keep it.” What do you think
Franklin meant by that statement? Certainly think back to the idea of a virtuous citizenry that all the founding
fathers believed was essential. Your response should pull from the writings of The Federalist as well.
10. Under President Washington, Secretary of War Henry Knox had hoped to pursue a more peaceful policy with the
Indians. How did U.S. policy concerning the Indians unfold in the 1790s?