d. “Agrippa.”
e. The History of the American Revolution.
68. What was “the first object of government,” according to James Madison?
a. Feed the poor.
b. Protect free speech.
c. Guarantee voting rights.
d. Protect property rights.
e. Secure freedom.
69. Why did James Madison believe that the problem of balancing democracy and respect for property would only
grow in the years ahead?
a. Economic development would increase the number of poor people.
b. The expansion of slavery would concentrate power in the hands of slave owners.
c. The Constitution provided for direct elections by the people of the Senate and president.
d. The Constitution provided for the abolition of slavery in 1808.
e. The Constitution made all Native Americans citizens.
70. Which of the following statements characterizes James Madison’s position regarding the new Constitution?
a. He was critical of it because he thought it was too similar to England’s constitution.
b. He feared it would create a “tyranny of the majority” without a bill of rights.
c. He predicted that it would only allow for an effective government in a small, homogenous nation.
d. He believed the nation’s size and diversity would help to secure the rights of individuals under the new
form of government.
e. He viewed it as a document that was inherently anti-slavery and that would guarantee emancipation.
71. How did the writings of James Madison shape America’s understanding of its new political institutions?
a. They argued that religion had a key role to play in ethical governance.
b. They created resistance among the elite toward craft guilds and other labor organizations.
c. They refocused attention on the “virtuous citizen” as the foundation of good government.
d. They emphasized the need for the nation to have one single interest that superseded all others.
e. They reinforced the belief that westward expansion was essential to freedom.
72. Anti-Federalists included
a. Patrick Henry and John Adams.
b. George Washington and John Hancock.
c. Samuel Adams and James Madison.
d. Benjamin Franklin and John Jay.
e. Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry.
73. Which of the following groups tended to be Anti-Federalist during the ratification debates?
a. wealthier citizens
b. rural residents closely tied to the commercial marketplace
c. merchants engaged in foreign commerce
d. state politicians
e. urban artisans, laborers, and sailors
74. Which was a factor that helped to raise support for ratification of the Constitution?
a. Patrick Henry’s promise to oppose the inclusion of a Bill of Rights.
b. violent conflicts with the Indians in the New England states
c. the hope that a strong federal government would be able to boost the economy
d. Thomas Jefferson’s popular essays on government
e. the promise to Virginians that they would gain more western territory
75. Those who supported and those who opposed ratification of the Constitution typically differed in which
quality?
a. military experience
b. first language
c. religion
d. status as slave owners
e. economic status
76. The original Constitution
a. was written in four months and is around 4,000 words long.
b. was written in nine months and is around 7,000 words long.
c. was written in two years and is 3,000 words long.
d. was written in five years and is around 20,000 words long.
e. was written in ten years and is around 100,000 words long.
77. What did Anti-Federalists believe was true of popular self-government?
a. Locally focused government would bring about the destruction of civilized life.
b. It was the perfect form of government for a large nation, where all voices could comingle.
c. Popular self-government could only be effective if it was regulated by a strong central authority.
d. It was an ideal not worth fighting for.
e. It would flourish best in small communities, where rulers and ruled interacted daily.
78. Which of the following is true of the debate surrounding the ratification of the Constitution?
a. Rhode Island and North Carolina ultimately voted against ratification.
b. Alexander Hamilton refused to take a side in the debate.
c. Propertied men and urban dwellers were typically Anti-Federalists.
d. Northern state conventions unanimously supported ratification.
e. Thomas Jefferson’s essays were influential in raising support for ratification.
79. What Anti-Federalist idea is still part of modern political debate?
a. a concern about cultural differences between Protestants and Catholics
b. a concern about a citizen’s right to privacy
c. the fear that a strong central government threatens liberty
d. the fear that local political leaders hold too much power
e. an opposition to unrestricted immigration
80. What was James Madison’s position on including a bill of rights in the Constitution?
a. He believed a bill of rights was essential for protecting individuals from aggressive state governments.
b. He felt the Constitution would fail in its central goals without a bill of rights.
c. He refused to support ratification until a bill of rights was included.
d. He believed a bill of rights redundant, because the Constitution itself would protect liberties.
e. He argued against a bill of rights as a threat to federal power.
81. The Constitution’s most energetic supporters were
a. men of substantial property.
b. Virginians.
c. small farmers.
d. New Yorkers.
e. North Carolinians.
82. Which of the following scenarios can potentially be seen as a violation of the First Amendment?
a. an accused thief spends two years in jail before receiving a trial
b. a corporation fires an employee for voicing his opinion on the presidential election
c. a defendant is forced to testify in his trial
d. a woman is arrested for organizing a peaceful meeting to protest the federal government’s immigration
policies
e. police officers enter and search a suspected thief’s home before they obtain a warrant
83. In The History of the American Revolution, David Ramsay
a. argued that the Constitution represented a repudiation of the Revolution.
b. urged southern states to demand greater protection for slavery before ratifying the Constitution.
c. praised American state constitutions for allowing future amendments.
d. took issue with James Madison’s vision of “extending the sphere.”
e. took the British side when explaining why the Revolution occurred.
84. Which of the following descriptions characterizes David Ramsay’s The History of the American Revolution?
a. a warning against the principles of representative government
b. a detailed recounting of major battles by a Patriot soldier
c. a celebration of the American political system and Constitution
d. a religious sermon questioning the hereditary rights of monarchs
e. a formal call for self-governance for all the world’s people
85. What was one of the rights named in the Bill of Rights?
a. the right to vote regardless of gender
b. the right to equal protection under the law
c. the right to trial by jury
d. the right of sovereign immunity
e. the right to sell alcohol
86. What is the significance of the Ninth Amendment?
a. It established the freedom of the press, a key component of American liberty.
b. It affirmed that powers not delegated to the national government or prohibited to the states continued to
reside with the states.
c. It established the requirement of religious tests for federal officeholders.
d. It clarified the roles of the president and vice president.
e. It declared that rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution were “retained by the people.”
87. What did James Winthrop, a Massachusetts public official, fear about the new Constitution?
a. If the Constitution was not ratified, the United States would lose trade to Canada.
b. The new Constitution would not be powerful enough to unite all thirteen states.
c. If the Constitution was not ratified, the United States would be picked on by Spain.
d. Without the Constitution, the United States would not survive as a nation.
e. Under the Constitution, a citizen would lose basic civil liberties.
88. The Anti-Federalist James Winthrop argued that a bill of rights was necessary in the Constitution because
a. the English had one, so America ought to mirror that example.
b. the right to bear arms for the militia should be guarded by law.
c. using the examples of Wilkes and Zenger, the protection of speech and press was essential.
d. it would secure the minority against the usurpation and tyranny of the majority.
e. ratification of the Constitution was in doubt without the inclusion of the Bill of Rights.
89. What about the Bill of Rights was most remarkable in its departure from British precedent and even the
Declaration of Independence?
a. It invoked the blessing of divine providence.
b. It provided constitutional recognition of religious freedom.
c. It was the first document to mention the term “unalienable rights.”
d. It referred to the pursuit of happiness.
e. It granted the right to assemble.
90. What role did the Constitution play in the question of American citizenship?
a. The Constitution officially granted citizenship to any white person born on American soil, formalizing the
definition of citizenship that had long been held by the colonies.
b. The Constitution did not include the word “citizen” whatsoever because the Declaration of Independence
already had already granted citizenship to all property-owning males.
c. The Constitution gave a detailed description of the role of the federal government, rather than the states, in
defining and guaranteeing the rights of all American citizens.
d. The Constitution specified that all white people over the age of eighteen were to be considered citizens and,
as children, needed to prove their loyalty to the nation.
e. The Constitution failed to define the word “citizen,” reflecting the lack of a commonly agreed-upon
understanding of the rights that went with citizenship.
91. Which of the following statements accurately describes the status of free blacks in the United States toward the
end of the eighteenth century?
a. Free blacks who lived in the northern states and owned property enjoyed all the rights of citizenship.
b. Although free blacks had some basic rights in northern states, no African-Americans enjoyed full equality
with whites.
c. Although the question of citizenship for whites was highly controversial, the status of free blacks had been
solidly established.
d. Free blacks who had served in the armed forces during the Revolution were considered full citizens, even in
the South.
e. If they were recent immigrants free blacks could apply for citizenship, but for those born in the United
States citizenship was unattainable.
92. When was the principle of “birthright citizenship” established?
a. with the passage of the Naturalization Act of 1790
b. with the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795
c. during the debate surrounding ratification of the Constitution
d. during the Reconstruction era following the Civil War
e. with the ratification of the Constitution
93. Who in the nineteenth century used the words “We the people” from the Constitution to claim that the
southern states could not secede from the Union?
a. Andrew Jackson
b. Abraham Lincoln
c. George Washington
d. Jefferson Davis
e. Daniel Webster
94. Envisioning the nation as a community open to all those devoted to its political institutions and social values is
what?
a. ethnic nationalism
b. federalism
c. separation of powers
d. religious toleration
e. civic nationalism
95. Which of the following is true of American national identity as envisioned by the Constitution of 1787?
a. The document distinguished only between those defined as American citizens, who were entitled to
constitutionally protected rights, and aliens, who were not so entitled.
b. The Constitution clearly states that persons of African descent could not be U.S. citizens, but that
anyone of European or Asian descent could be.
c. The “people” were free Americans; Native Americans and “other persons,” meaning African–American
slaves, were not considered part of the political nation.
d. The Constitution expressly stated that only white men were entitled to the rights it delineated.
e. The Constitution made clear that only civic nationalism, not ethnic nationalism, defined American national
identity.
96. Which of the following is true of how the U.S. government in the 1790s dealt with Native Americans?
a. Because the Constitution counted all Indians toward representation in Congress, Indians received all rights and
privileges that other Americans did.
b. Because the Constitution stated that Indian tribes were “domestic dependent nations,” the government
treated them just as it treated nations like Great Britain and France.
c. Henry Knox, the first secretary of war, pursued policies designed to exterminate Native Americans.
d. The U.S. government made treaties with them mainly to transfer land to itself or to the states.
e. No American leaders believed that Native Americans could assimilate into American society, so the
government largely ignored Indians.
97. Who was J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur, in addition to being the author of the Letters from an American
Farmer?
a. a Frenchman who praised American society in contrast to European society
b. the son of a Revolutionary War general who established a prosperous farm in Virginia
c. a French trader who died after offending a number of aristocratic families in America
d. a former owner of a plantation in the West Indies plantation who relocated to America
e. a free black who owned land in Vermont after serving in the Revolutionary War
98. Which of the following ideas does J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur express in Letters from an American
Farmer?
a. America as a Christian nation first and foremost
b. America as a nation defined by unsettled, uncultivated land
c. America as a melting pot for various ethnicities
d. America as a place that emphasized nobility, where the “streets are paved with gold”
e. America as a country of Englishmen who all shared the same motives
99. Which of the following sentiments would Hector St. John Crèvecoeur agree with based on the excerpt from his
Letters from an American Farmer?
a. The United States was a land of new opportunities for European immigrants.
b. Without a strong federal Constitution, the American experiment was sure to fail
c. Power corrupts and must be held in check through the separation of powers.
d. An agrarian lifestyle was essential to American virtue.
e. Free African-Americans were “citizens of color” deserving of full legal rights.
100. Which statement is true regarding Native Americans’ status in the new nation?
a. Indian tribes had no representation in the new government.
b. Most white Americans saw Indians as their equals and welcomed them with open arms into the new nation.
c. With the signing of the Declaration of Independence, warfare between Indians and whites immediately ceased.
d. An entire tribe had to vote to accept the terms of a treaty with the United States or it would be invalid.
e. The annuity system gave Indians increased control over their own lives.
101. Under the Treaty of Greenville of 1795,
a. Great Britain agreed to remove its remaining forts from U.S. soil.
b. twelve Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio to the federal government.
c. the U.S. government allowed Indians to petition for citizenship.
d. the federal government forbade American settlement west of the Mississippi.
e. the United States recognized Great Britain’s claim to what is now Ontario.
102. What was the annuity system involving the U.S. government and certain Indian tribes?
a. a system under which the Indians ceded land to the United States annually
b. a system under which the federal government gave annual monetary grants to Indians
c. a system that placed Indians on reservations west of the Mississippi River
d. a system that allowed a percentage of Indians each year to attend American schools
e. a system where the states paid each local tribe an annual fee for their land
103. What was Thomas Jefferson’s stance on Indians?
a. He believed they were savages unworthy and incapable of civilization.
b. He believed they could become full-fledged members of the republic by assimilating.
c. He believed their society was equal to whites’ in every way but was uncomfortable with their cultural