d. ordered troops into Somalia without congressional approval.
e. lied about his extramarital affair before the grand jury.
74. Who was the special counsel investigating the scandals of Bill Clinton?
a. Archibald Cox
b. Clarence Thomas
c. Kenneth Starr
d. Anita Hill
e. Robert Mueller
75. What statement below best summarizes the difference between the impeachments of Andrew Johnson and Bill
Clinton?
a. Johnson’s impeachment involved trivial matters, while Clinton’s concerned matters of the utmost
importance to the nation.
b. The impeachments of Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton were virtually indistinguishable; the defending
parties even used much of the same rhetoric.
c. Andrew Johnson’s impeachment concerned matters of Reconstruction and the rights of former slaves, but
Bill Clinton’s concerned what many deemed a juvenile escapade.
d. Johnson had a Senate that voted unanimously to convict him, but Clinton was not convicted.
e. Johnson broke many more laws than Clinton.
76. The 2000 presidential race between George W. Bush and Al Gore was
a. finally decided by the Supreme Court.
b. decided by the Florida attorney general.
c. in question because of voter fraud in Florida.
d. a landslide victory for Bush.
e. finally decided by the U.S. Senate.
77. Bush v. Gore ordered
a. victory to be given to Bush.
b. the recount in Florida to finish within one week.
c. Florida to vote again in a separate election.
d. Florida to halt its recount.
e. Florida to audit its balloting machines.
78. What made the U.S. Supreme Court case of Bush v. Gore in 2000 so unusual?
a. It was decided in a 5–4 vote.
b. The case had far-reaching implications.
c. The public interpreted the justices’ disagreements as political in nature.
d. It involved two former vice presidents.
e. This case was not meant to be a precedent.
79. Increasingly visible during the 1990s, Asian-Americans
a. arrived in the United States with superb educations.
b. continued to be discriminated against.
c. were a homogenous group.
d. were singled out as a “model minority.”
e. positioned themselves in high-paying jobs.
80. What general political trend coincided with a significant increase in private and corporate spending in political
campaigns at the turn of the twenty-first century?
a. an increase in voter participation
b. an increase in party membership
c. an increase in newspaper subscriptions
d. a withdrawal of people from the public sphere
e. an increasing interest in anti-monopoly legislation
81. The $1.5 billion cost of the congressional and presidential elections in 2000 came mostly from where?
a. a poll tax
b. Internet fund-raising
c. wealthy individuals and corporate donors
d. potluck campaign dinners
e. federal income tax election donations
82. In response to the September 11 attacks, the Bush administration
a. banned all Muslims from entry into the United States.
b. blamed the shadowy terrorist organization known as Al Qaeda.
c. blamed the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of mastermind Osama bin Laden.
d. declared a war on Iran.
e. issued an immigration ban against all citizens of Muslim nations.
83. Following the Gulf War of 1991, what increased Osama bin Laden’s anger at the United States?
a. The United States did not tolerate religious minorities.
b. The United States showed support for Israel.
c. The United States refused to get involved in military operations in Saudi Arabia.
d. The United States invaded Afghanistan.
e. The United States donated money to the Palestinian cause.
84. Due to the absence of legal segregation, which of the following groups migrated to the United States in higher
numbers than ever before between 1970 and 2010?
a. Asians
b. Latinos
c. Puerto Ricans
d. Cubans
e. Africans
85. In the twenty-first century, how were public schools mainly funded?
a. communal donations
b. property taxes
c. income taxes
d. national government aid
e. city grants
86. In the early twenty-first century, which group had the highest percentage of its members in U.S. prisons?
a. gays
b. whites
c. Mexicans
d. environmentalists
e. blacks
87. Which of the following groups was mostly at a disadvantage because of state laws disfranchising persons with
felony convictions?
a. women
b. Latinos
c. black men
d. Asian men
e. gays
88. What is a visible sign of Native American quasi-sovereignty?
a. their high-ranking positions at large corporations
b. their appearances in movies
c. their casinos
d. their political participation
e. their publications
89. What did the Proposition 187, approved by Californian voters in 1994, intend?
a. to build a wall in hopes of preventing illegal immigration
b. to give illegal immigrants the possibility to become U.S. citizens
c. to organize raids and other activities aimed at deporting all illegals
d. to deny access to welfare and education to undocumented immigrants
e. to give undocumented immigrants a chance to vote
90. According to President George W. Bush’s message to the American people in the aftermath of the September
11 attacks, what would have kept terrorists from attacking the United States?
a. better education
b. better economic opportunities
c. a love of country
d. a true Christian faith
e. a love of freedom
91. What is true of working women in the early twenty-first century?
a. Women worked mostly from home.
b. Very few married women worked outside the home.
c. A large percentage of married women worked outside the home.
d. The pay gap between men and women was almost invisible.
e. Most women worked in factories.
92. Operation Enduring Freedom was launched in October 2001
a. against Afghanistan, because the nation was harboring Osama bin Laden.
b. against Saudi Arabia, because it was harboring Osama bin Laden.
c. against Afghanistan, because the United States did not approve of the Taliban’s treatment of women.
d. against Afghanistan, because the Afghan government had ordered the terrorist attacks of September 11.
e. as a way to combat rising unemployment.
93. How did President Bush characterize the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan?
a. as a “mission accomplished”
b. as an end to the “axis of evil”
c. as the triumph of a “coalition of the willing”
d. as only the beginning of the war on terror
e. as the end of the Al Qaeda terror network
2001.
94. What, as of the publication of the textbook, was the longest war in U.S. history?
a. American Revolution
b. World War II
c. Vietnam
d. Afghanistan
e. Iraq
95. Early in 2003, President Bush announced that the United States would go to war against Iraq
a. with the full support of the United Nations.
b. because its dictator, Saddam Hussein, had ordered the terrorist attacks on September 11.
c. because it was believed that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction.
d. with the full support of the international community.
e. and unlike during the Vietnam War, an anti-war movement did not develop.
96. Had President George W. Bush kept his focus on the issue that most concerned the foreign policy “realists” in
his administration, he would have
a. continued the pursuit of Al Qaeda, which was maintaining its capabilities.
b. kept the world’s attention on North Korea.
c. prepared a liberation of the Darfur region in western Sudan.
d. invaded Iran.
e. continued his fight for an independent Tibet.
2001.
97. What made Bush’s 2002 “National Security Strategy” fundamentally different from previous American policy?
a. It began by defining freedom.
b. It called for a huge military buildup.
c. It did not refrain from nuclear weapons.
d. It advocated the use of preemptive war.
e. It called for multilateral action.
98. Which of the following statements about Saddam Hussein turned out to be true?
a. He possessed a mobile chemical weapons laboratory.
b. He had hidden weapons of mass destruction in his many palaces.
c. He was a horrible tyrant who ruled Iraq ruthlessly.
d. He was hiding in his palace as a safe haven from the war.
e. He was seeking to acquire uranium in Africa to build nuclear weapons.
99. Why was the Iraq War compared to Vietnam?
a. Both had begun as nation-building projects.
b. Both featured free elections overseen by American officials that resulted in stable governments.
c. Both featured American policymakers with little knowledge of the country to which they sent troops.
d. Both the Vietnamese and Iraqi people welcomed American troops as liberators.
e. Both brought a government to power that was friendly with the United States.
2001.
100. The outcome of the 2000 presidential election was ultimately determined by the voting results in which one of
the following states?
a. California
b. Florida
c. Massachusetts
d. Texas
e. New York
101. What made the Iraq War different from other conflicts in American history?
a. It was the first war America did not win.
b. The United States unilaterally used force in the Eastern Hemisphere.
c. It was the first time America sent troops to the Middle East.
d. It was the only war to become unpopular with the American public.
e. It toppled a corrupt dictator.
102. What did the USA Patriot Act empower law enforcement agencies to do?
a. convict U.S. citizens without trial
b. wiretap and spy on citizens without their knowledge
c. detain family members to secure the surrender of a suspect
d. employ physical torture to extract evidence from suspected gang members
e. prevent defendants from learning the charges brought against them
103 What was the naval base at Guantánamo Bay used for in the twenty-first century?
a. It was a launching pad for missiles used in the Iraq War.
b. It was a secret terrorist base.
c. It was a detention camp for people accused of terrorism.
d. It was a home base for monitoring the war on drugs.
e. It was a suburban getaway for servicemen and their families.
104. What made the war on terrorism different from previous wars?
a. It centered on Europe.
b. It involved Latin America.
c. It accepted middle grounds.
d. It was a religious war.
e. The enemy was not clearly defined.
105. After the September 11 attacks, who authorized the National Security Agency (NSA) to listen to domestic
telephone conversations without a court warrant?
a. Defense Secretary Rumsfeld
b. Secretary of State Powell
c. National Security Advisor Rice
d. President Bush
e. Director of Central Intelligence Tenet
106. Most of the world supported the war in Afghanistan in 2001. Yet, one year later, many people feared the
United States had become
a. a totalitarian regime.
b. communist.
c. a world policeman establishing its own rules throughout the globe.
d. weak.
e. a nation without ideology.
107. How did revelations about the U.S. military prison in Abu Ghraib, Iraq, change the position of the United
States in the world?
a. Aware of American capabilities, terrorists began to proceed more cautiously.
b. Understanding that American forces took human rights less seriously overseas, Al Qaeda began to focus its
activities in the developing world.
c. The incident undermined the reputation of the United States as a nation that adhered to standards of
civilized behavior and the rule of law.
d. Realizing that the United States was overwhelmed by the task at hand, previously neutral European nations
decided to assist the United States with the occupation of Iraq.
e. International observers started to pay more attention to American prison practices and strengthened their
criticism of mass imprisonment within the United States.
108. What setback did the Bush administration suffer in its war on terror in 2008?
a. The House voted for the immediate withdrawal of troops from Iraq.
b. The press disclosed the secret family ties between the Bush family and the Saudi Arabian monarchy.
c. The Senate began its investigations into the corruption and abuses of Vice President Dick Cheney’s former
company, Halliburton.
d. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Guantanamo Bay detainees could invoke rights under the U.S.
Constitution.
e. U.S. troops had to withdraw from Iraq.
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Ralph Nader
___ 2. Pat Robertson
___ 3. Ross Perot
___ 4. Bill Clinton
___ 5. Manuel Noriega
___ 6. Hillary Clinton
___ 7. Saddam Hussein
___ 8. Newt Gingrich
___ 9. Janet Reno
___ 10. Ruth Bader Ginsburg
___ 11. Kenneth Lay
___ 12. Monica Lewinsky
a. Contract with America
b. Panama dictator
c. Supreme Court justice
d. Enron
e. attorney general
f. triangulation
g. Christian Coalition
h. 1992 independent presidential candidate
i. Clinton impeachment
j. Iraqi dictator
k. health care
l. Green Party
TEST 2
___ 1. Glass-Steagall Act
___ 2. “freedom revolution”
___ 3. Operation Desert Storm
___ 4. Oslo Accords
___ 5. Velvet Revolution
___ 6. Tiananmen Square
___ 7. NAFTA
___ 8. multiculturalism
___ 9. welfare
___ 10. Walmart
___ 12. genocide
a. Israel and Palestinian agreement
b. dismantled by Clinton
c. awareness of American diversity
d. Rwanda
e. banking regulation repealed in 1999
f. largest corporate employer in 2000
h. Chinese demonstration for democracy
i. cash payment for low-income workers
j. fall of communism in eastern Europe
k. free-trade zone
l. Kuwaiti freedom
TEST 3
___ 1. Bush Doctrine
___ 2. Iraq War
___ 3. USA Patriot Act
___ 4. Guantánamo Bay
___ 5. Oslo Accords
___ 6. Gulf War
___ 7. Balkan Crisis
___ 8. Rwandan genocide
a. tribal conflict in Africa
b. first post–Cold War international crisis
c. result of the Yugoslavian disintegration
d. gave power to law-enforcing agencies
e. inspired a massive anti-war sentiment across the world
f. U.S. detention camp
g. war on terrorism
h. moment when Israel recognized the Palestine Liberation Organization
True/False
1. The man who mobilized the crowds in Moscow to restore Mikhail Gorbachev to office was Boris Yeltsin.
2. George H. W. Bush identified the Gulf War as the first step in the struggle to create a world based on
democracy and global free trade.
3. Doctors, health insurance companies, and drug companies supported the comprehensive health care plan that
was presented by the Clinton administration.
4. During the Clinton years, human rights emerged as justification for interventions in matters once considered to be
the internal affairs of sovereign nations.
5. Investors in the 1990s were deeply skeptical of the new “dot coms,” companies that did not seem to actually
produce anything.
6. During the 1990s, Microsoft head Bill Gates owned as much wealth as the bottom 40 percent of the American
population put together.
7. Bill Clinton lost the support of labor in proposing NAFTA.
8. Ross Perot was the third-party candidate in the 1992 presidential election.
9. President Clinton failed to eliminate welfare, a hotly contested issue for twenty years or more, from political
debate.
10. The groups that organized the 1999 Seattle protests were mostly factory workers and environmentalists.
11. Between 1970 and 2000, twice as many Africans immigrated to the United States as had entered during the
entire period of the Atlantic slave trade.
12. By the end of the century, school desegregation in America was complete, with high schools across the country
enjoying interracial student bodies.
13. Despite the growth of Native American organizations and casinos, the Native American population remains
stagnant according to the Census Bureau.
14. In 1992, the Supreme Court reaffirmed a woman’s right to terminate a pregnancy with the ruling in Casey v.
Planned Parenthood of Pennsylvania.
15. At the radical fringe of conservatism, the belief that the federal government posed a threat to American freedom
led to the creation of private militias that armed themselves to fend off oppressive authority.
16. The most remarkable aspect of the 2000 election was the even division of the country it revealed.
17. Even after legal segregation was over, school segregation continued to be determined by housing patterns.
18. Compared to other Americans, blacks had an extremely high rate of imprisonment by the end of the century.
19. Despite major efforts, the campaign for gay rights did not gain visibility during the 1990s.
20. A clear sign of multiculturalism in the United States was the spread of academic programs dealing with the
unique experiences of specific groups (Black Studies, Women’s Studies, Latino Studies, etc.).
21. After the September 11 attacks, Americans experienced a new feeling of common social purpose.
22. Worldwide reaction to Bush’s “axis of evil” declaration and the National Security Strategy was mostly positive.
23. Bill Clinton’s low popularity rates during the impeachment controversy showed that traditional attitudes
towards sex had not changed.
24. Soon after Americans vacated Baghdad, an insurgency and sectarian fighting between Sunni and Shiite brought
Iraq toward civil war.
Short Answer
1. Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
2. Briefly explain the feelings the song “La Jaula de oro” portrays.
3. What was unique about the 2000 presidential election?
Essay
1. Compare the stock market boom of the 1990s with that of the 1920s. What fueled the markets in each decade?
Who participated in the market in each decade? Why did each market’s proverbial bubble burst?
2. In the 1970s, the U.S. economy began to shift away from manufacturers. Deindustrialization continued into the
1990s. Explain why this was so and who was affected by this shift. What were the benefits and other consequences
of this shift?
3. Thinking back to previous chapters, explain how the culture wars of the 1990s caused Americans to rethink the
definition of American nationality, just as the Alien Act, Irish immigration of the antebellum era, and the new
immigrants of the turn of the twentieth century had done in the past.
4. Analyze how cultural conservatives defined freedom. What arguments did they make in defense of freedom? How
valid were their arguments?
5. Evaluate the rights revolution that began in the 1950s. Your essay ought to chronicle the various Supreme Court
decisions and the legislation that enlarged the rights of various Americans. How successful was this revolution by 2000?
6. Chronicle the story of Native Americans over the past fifty years. How have they been left outside the definitions of
freedom and equality, and how have they petitioned to gain those freedoms?
7. Discuss the experience of African-Americans in the 1990s. What were the gains and/or losses for blacks in terms
of freedom and equality in America at the end of the twentieth century?
8. Analyze the foreign policy of the Clinton administration. Did Bill Clinton’s philosophies and strategies differ
substantially from those of George H. W. Bush? If so, how?
9. Fully discuss and examine the limitations placed on freedom after September 11. Then compare the surrounding
circumstances with those during both the McCarthy era and World War I. What is the balance between security
and freedom during war? Does the Constitution protect citizens’ rights during wartime? Should dissent be equated
with lack of patriotism? Why, or why not?
10. George W. Bush commented in his 2001 inaugural address that America had gone out into the world to protect,
not to possess, and to defend, not to conquer. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Give examples to
support your position.
11. Eric Foner argues that the attacks of September 11 raised questions about the optimal balance between security and
freedom. Explain what the author means by this. Pay special attention to the ways in which the definition of liberty
had changed during the twentieth century. Also, explain why Bush continued to talk about freedom after the attacks.