b. The Cuban Revolution had inspired neighboring nations.
c. Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress was bearing fruit.
d. The Cuban Missile Crisis had shattered the region’s complacency.
e. Reform in the Catholic Church had inspired social justice activists.
68. In The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan
a. focused on the plight of working-class women.
b. emphasized the role of child-rearing for women.
c. focused on the discontents of middle-class women.
d. focused on the particular plight of black women.
e. emphasized the role women played in the anti-war movement.
69. Which of the following transformed protest into rebellion by the mid-1960s?
a. gender inequality
b. the Vietnam War
c. segregation
d. Mexican immigration
e. discrimination against homosexuals
70. Women’s liberation
a. was a single-issue movement that argued for equal pay for equal work.
b. was a movement born of other movements where female activists had experienced discriminatory treatment
from their male counterparts.
c. remained a tiny fringe movement because of its radical tactics, including “consciousness–raising” sessions
and a takeover of the 1968 Miss America pageant.
d. focused primarily on burning bras and other consumer goods and garments.
e. attracted middle-class women, much like the suffrage movement in the early twentieth century.
71. How did the women’s liberation movement inspire a major expansion of the idea of freedom?
a. The women’s movement included members of the middle class as well as the working class.
b. The women’s movement included men and women.
c. The women’s movement included African–Americans, Mexican-Americans, and Anglo-Americans.
d. The women’s movement took the protest for social justice to the streets.
e. The women’s movement brought considerations of power and justice inside the family.
72. The gay liberation movement
a. was banned in several states.
b. attracted many straight women.
c. initially excluded women.
d. was inspired by the civil rights movement.
e. ended with the successful Stonewall riot.
73. After the Stonewall riot
a. gay men and lesbians divided into two separate political movements.
b. the gay liberation movement came to an end.
c. prejudice against lesbians ended.
d. a militant gay liberation movement was born.
e. prejudice against gay men increased.
74. Chicano farm workers found a powerful advocate in
a. the bracero program.
b. Cesar Chavez.
c. Mario Savio.
d. Carlos Bulosan.
e. the Border Patrol.
75. In the 1960s, Latino rights in particular were the focus of the
a. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
b. United Farm Workers.
c. Mattachine Society.
d. Redstockings.
e. NAACP.
76. The American Indian Movement
a. was in opposition to the Red Power movement.
b. demanded the end of the tribal system.
c. demanded greater tribal self-government.
d. urged all Indians to leave their reservations.
e. demanded greater federal control of the reservation system.
77. Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring inspired the ________ movement.
a. environmental
b. feminist
c. gay liberation
d. conservative
e. Indian
78. In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled in Loving v. Virginia that
a. suspects could refuse to cooperate with police.
b. local elections could be monitored by federal officials.
c. state laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional.
d. those in police custody had certain rights.
e. school prayer was unconstitutional.
79. In 1966, the Supreme Court ruled in Miranda v. Arizona that
a. suspects could not refuse to cooperate with police.
b. local elections could be monitored by federal officials.
c. states must permit interracial marriage.
d. those in police custody had certain rights.
e. school prayer was unconstitutional.
80. Which of the following was the rallying cry of the counterculture movement?
a. liberation
b. democracy
c. equality
d. peace
e. consumerism
81. The Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision
a. created a woman’s constitutional right to an abortion.
b. was the least controversial piece of the rights revolution.
c. provoked little opposition.
d. declared school prayer was unconstitutional.
e. legalized birth control.
82. The Warren Court
a. was a conservative court with the one exception of Brown v. Board of Education.
b. seemed to accept the feminist view of the family as a collection of sovereign individuals rather than a unit
with a single male head.
c. began a trend to halt the liberal view that had begun in the late 1950s that government had an obligation to
provide for the welfare of the citizens.
d. condemned Lyndon Johnson for abuses of power taken during the Vietnam War.
e. set up the legal precedents that would later lead to a conservative view on abortion rights.
83. What was the Tet offensive?
a. a Vietnamese holiday
b. a protest in the United States over the Vietnam War
c. the aerial bombing campaigns the United States waged against North Vietnam
d. uprisings by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese armies in South Vietnamese cities
e. an attempt by secret U.S. military personnel to save the French garrison in northern Vietnam
84. What likely influenced Lyndon Johnson’s choice to not seek reelection in 1968?
a. The assassination of Robert Kennedy made the president unpopular.
b. The public lost confidence in his administration’s ability to wage the Vietnam War.
c. Critics on the political right did not like his New Society programs.
d. He was tired of criticism of his support for civil rights.
e. He refused to agree to peace talks to end the Vietnam War.
85. What was one reason behind the student protest that occurred in April 1968 at Columbia University?
a. grade inflation at Columbia
b. Columbia’s carbon emissions
c. Columbia’s refusal to educate immigrants
d. the rise in illegal drug use by Columbia professors
e. Columbia’s involvement with defense research
86. On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated
a. while in Memphis, supporting a garbage workers’ strike.
b. as he launched the Poor People’s Campaign in Dallas.
c. and while the nation mourned his death, there was no violence.
d. and congressional support for the Open Housing Act declined.
e. and no one was ever charged for the crime.
87. What occurred at the 1968 Democratic Party convention?
a. Robert Kennedy was nominated to run for president.
b. Tens of thousands of antiwar activists staged protests.
c. Lyndon Johnson was asked to reconsider running for reelection.
d. Protests occurred over segregated seating at the convention.
e. Hubert Humphrey declined the nomination.
88. Which of the following is an example of American influence in the world in 1968?
a. McDonald’s opened its first restaurants in Europe and Asia.
b. Other countries joined a U.S. coalition to win the war in Vietnam.
c. The Soviet Union admitted that American consumer products were better.
d. Automobiles in Japan got bigger.
e. Other countries borrowed American language and strategy for protests against authority.
89. What made the French student protests of 1968 different from American student protests?
a. The French students had no issues with authority.
b. The French supported the Vietnam War.
c. Large numbers of French workers joined in, adding their own demands.
d. The French only cared about environmental issues.
e. Most French students were not concerned about public education.
90. The turmoil of 1968 led to
a. a halt to protests in 1969.
b. immediate gains for liberals on civil rights issues.
c. an end to the Vietnam War.
d. the election of Hubert Humphrey.
e. a backlash calling for law and order.
91. The National Organization for Women (NOW) campaigned for which of the following?
a. an end to the mass media’s false image of men
b. preferential treatment of women on the job
c. equal health insurance plans
d. equal opportunities in politics
e. an end to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
92. Who ran as a third-party candidate in the 1968 presidential election?
a. George Wallace
b. Richard Nixon
c. Hubert Humphrey
d. Eugene McCarthy
e. Robert Kennedy
93. According to the textbook, what is one legacy of the 1960s?
a. The 1960s paved the way for liberal government going forward.
b. The 1960s created the idea of feminism.
c. The 1960s marked the beginning of American colonialism in Africa.
d. The 1960s ushered in the peaceful years of the 1970s.
e. The 1960s undermined public confidence in national leaders.
94. Sisterhood Is Powerful, published in 1970,
a. emphasized the idea that women should take power.
b. showed that, by the end of the 1960s, feminist ideas had entered the mainstream.
c. became important in the 1990s.
d. was banned from public libraries.
e. convinced a great deal of men to join the feminist cause.
95. Which of the following is considered the climax of the sixties in U.S. history?
a. the publication of the Feminine Mystique
b. the Cuban Missile Crisis
c. the year 1968
d. the election of Hubert Humphrey to the presidency
e. the death of Joseph Stalin
96. Richard Nixon won the Republican nomination for the 1968 election. Which of the following groups found his
campaign appealing?
a. black constituents hoping for equality
b. ordinary Americans searching for a commitment for law and order
c. liberals searching for free-market policies
d. young professionals just starting to get involved in politics
e. women searching for liberation
97. During the 1960s, Americans found new meanings of freedom and produced new rights. Which of the
following problems was not addressed?
a. racial inequality
b. women’s rights
c. low voter turnout
d. urban poverty
e. agricultural stagnation
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. James Meredith
___ 2. Michael Harrington
___ 3. Fidel Castro
___ 4. Betty Friedan
___ 5. Malcolm X
___ 6. Martin Luther King Jr.
___ 7. Carl Ogelsby
___ 8. Cesar Chavez
___ 9. Lyndon Johnson
___ 10. Stokely Carmichael
___ 11. Mario Savio
___ 12. Ralph Nader
___ 13. Loving v. Virginia
a. Great Society
b. Unsafe at Any Speed
c. “Letter from Birmingham Jail”
d. National Farm Worker’s Association
e. Free Speech movement
f. supporter of Black Power movement
g. Bay of Pigs
h. The Other America
i. founder of NOW
j. Nation of Islam
k. SDS leader
l. University of Mississippi
m. interracial marriage
TEST 2
___ 1. Peace Corps
___ 2. Freedom Summer
___ 3. New York Times v. Sullivan
___ 4. silent majority
___ 5. Alliance for Progress
___ 6. Port Huron Statement
___ 7. Twenty-fourth Amendment
___ 8. Roe v. Wade
___ 9. Silent Spring
___ 10. Gulf of Tonkin resolution
___ 11. Sharon Statement
___ 12. Free Speech movement
___ 13. Our Bodies, Ourselves
a. SDS
b. Richard Nixon’s voter base
c. a congressional blank check
d. outlawed the poll tax
e. freedom of the press
f. Young Americans for Freedom
g. University of California at Berkeley
h. young American volunteers to help abroad
i. aid for Latin America
j. environmental movement
k. protection of the right to abortion
l. voter registration drive
m. women’s health
TEST 3
___ 1. March on Washington
___ 2. Cuban Missile Crisis
___ 3. Hart-Celler Act
___ 4. War on Poverty
___ 5. New Left
___ 6. Tet offensive
___ 7. Stonewall Inn
___ 8. Roe. v. Wade
a. gathering place for homosexuals
b. most dangerous crisis of the Kennedy administration
c. high point of the nonviolent civil rights movement
d. declared access to abortion was a constitutional right
e. communist offensive in South Vietnam
f. changed immigration laws
g. centerpiece of Johnson’s Great Society
h. redefined the meaning of freedom
True/False
1. The movements of the 1960s challenged the 1950s understanding of freedom, which had been linked to the
Cold War abroad and to consumer choice at home.
2. John F. Kennedy was staunchly committed to racial equality and he placed it as his number one priority in his
inaugural address.
3. Lyndon Johnson held the New Deal view that government had an obligation to assist the less fortunate members
of society.
4. The violence in Birmingham was not surprising since it already was a violent city.
5. The Immigration Reform Act did not alter the rate or national origin of immigration after 1965.
6. Unlike the New Deal, the Great Society was a response to prosperity, not depression.
7. The slogan of the March on Washington was “I have a dream.”
8. Coupled with the decade’s high rate of economic growth, the War on Poverty succeeded in reducing the
incidence of poverty from 22 to 13 percent of American families during the 1960s.
9. John F. Kennedy’s foreign policy for Latin America, called the Alliance for Progress, was a failure.
10. The Cuban Missile Crisis changed John F. Kennedy’s attitude toward the Cold War.
11. The Kerner Report blamed ghetto violence on segregation and poverty.
12. As Martin Luther King Jr. came to realize the difficulty of combating the economic plight of black America,
his language became more and more radical.
13. The Port Huron Statement offered a new vision of social change while defining freedom to mean participatory
democracy.
14. In comparison to the immigration law of 1924, the Hart–Celler Act closed U.S. borders to immigrants.
15. American planes dropped more tons of bombs on Vietnam than were used in all of World War II.
16. Malcolm X was viewed as an apostle of racial violence by most whites.
17. “Black is Beautiful” was the slogan used by Black Power.
18. The New Left rejected the categories of radicalism and liberalism that shaped the twentieth century.
19. During the Vietnam War, the United States sent military and economic aid to the government of North Vietnam.
20. During the feminist movement, women came to believe that “the personal is political,” thus permanently
changing Americans’ definition of freedom.
21. As a result of the Red Power movement, many more Americans began to identify themselves as Indians than
before 1960.
22. Harry Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower had sought a policy known as termination, meant to integrate Indians
into the American mainstream, but it was abandoned by John F. Kennedy.
23. After Rachel Carson publicly exposed the dangers of DDT, chemical and pesticide companies launched a
campaign to discredit her.
24. The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 was crushed by student demonstrators, allowing the newly
elected democratic government to remain in place.
25. The sexual revolution that accompanied the birth control pill was central to feminism’s “second wave” in the 1960s.
26. In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court declared the legality of interracial marriage.
27. Richard Nixon’s election to the presidency in 1968 inaugurated a period of radical liberalism in America.
Short Answer
1. Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
1. sit-in
2. Chicago Freedom Movement
3. The Feminine Mystique
4. colonization and the Cold War
5. Warren Court
6. participatory democracy
7. Martin Luther King Jr.
8. counterculture
9. Great Society
10. Black Power
11. Civil Rights Act of 1964
12. Roe v. Wade
13. Loving v. Virginia
14. Our Bodies, Ourselves
2. Briefly explain the significance of Birmingham during the civil rights movement.
3. Who was Malcolm X and what did he believe in?
4. Briefly explain President Kennedy’s approach to the Vietnam War.
Essay
1. During the 1960s, the United States had become a more open, more tolerant—in a word, freer—country. Defend
or refute this statement.
2. Analyze James Baldwin’s statement about the civil rights movement challenging the United States to rethink “what
it really means by freedom.” How did civil rights activists challenge the government and American citizens?
3. How did John F. Kennedy’s foreign policy agenda envision new initiatives aimed at countering communist
influence in the world? How successful was Kennedy’s foreign policy?
4. Compare Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society with Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. Be sure to discuss how the Great
Society was a response to prosperity, unlike the New Deal, which was a response to depression.
5. Lyndon Johnson said that economic freedom meant more than equal opportunity. Explain what he meant by that
statement and how his Great Society program attempted to redefine the relationship between freedom and
equality.
6. Discuss how successful the anti-war movement was in changing the course of the war. What methods were used?
How did the movement view freedom and the war?
7. The year 1968 was a turbulent one. Describe the events of 1968, both domestically and globally, and their
significance in both the civil rights movement and the anti-war movement.
8. Compare the civil rights movement in the South with that in the North. Be sure to discuss methods, leadership,
and issues that were being addressed, and the success of each.
9. Discuss the various “liberation” movements of the 1960s. How did racial minorities, women, and gays and
lesbians challenge long-standing social inequalities in American society? Were there any similarities in issues
and/or strategies among the various groups? Explain.
10. Describe the new environmental movement of the 1960s. What was “new” about it? How did Rachel Carson’s work
help spur and shape the movement? Did environmental activism of the period result in any of the desired outcomes?
If so, what were they? If not, why not? Explain.
11. JFK asserted that the United States was facing a moral crisis. To what moral crisis was he referring? How did he
approach it?