laws and the rights of the people.
c. He describes the French people as simple and poor, while the English are prosperous and sophisticated in
every respect.
d. He describes the French people as enjoying true liberties, while English subjects struggle with liberties that
exist only in name.
e. He describes the French people as appropriately respectful of their king’s decisions, while the English
consistently create problems by challenging their monarchy.
116. The ideals of which group or individual are most closely aligned with modern America’s ideal of equal rights
for all?
a. Puritans
b. Levellers
c. Stuart kings
d. John Winthrop
e. John Smith
117. Which of the following is true of the Puritans’ dealings with Quakers?
a. Their officials in Massachusetts severely punished Quakers, even hanging several of them.
b. They welcomed the Quakers and thus were happy to help them set up the Pennsylvania colony.
c. They fought Charles II’s efforts to oppress and suppress Quakers.
d. They passed a law ordering all Quakers to leave Massachusetts or face imminent death.
e. They resented the Quakers for their shrewd business practices.
118. The Diggers
a. were a Protestant sect that the Puritans banished from Massachusetts.
b. were a group of Scottish immigrants to Maryland who sought to form a union of fellow laborers.
c. were an English group that advocated for common ownership of land and declared that all English people,
including the poor, were entitled to a comfortable livelihood.
d. was another name for tobacco laborers in Maryland.
e. was a derogatory name that the English used to describe Irish-Catholic laborers.
119. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the impact on Maryland of seventeenth-century
England’s Protestant-Catholic conflict?
a. The conflict had no effect on far-off Maryland.
b. To win the favor of Protestant kings, Maryland gave all authority to Protestants.
c. The English government temporarily repealed Calvert’s ownership of Maryland and the colony’s policies of
religious toleration.
d. Maryland’s Catholic leaders banned Protestant worship in 1671.
e. The conflict eventually led to the Puritan government of the 1640s taking refuge in Maryland.
120. Which colony adopted the Act Concerning Religion in 1649, which institutionalized the principle of religious
toleration?
a. Virginia
b. Maryland
c. Massachusetts
d. Rhode Island
e. Connecticut
121. The Crisis in Maryland in the 1640s centered mainly on
a. conflict between socialists and capitalists.
b. conflict between supporters of Parliament and those loyal to King Charles I.
c. conflict between tobacco and cotton farmers.
d. conflict between indentured servants and plantation owners.
e. conflict between Quakers and Baptists.
122. In the 1650s, who pushed England toward a policy of expanding territory and commercialism?
a. Oliver Cromwell
b. John Smith
c. Charles I
d. Charles II
e. James I
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Squanto
___ 2. John Smith
___ 3. Anne Hutchinson
___ 4. Powhatan
___ 5. John Calvin
___ 6. Roger Williams
___ 7. Cecilius Calvert
___ 8. John Winthrop
___ 9. William Bradford
___ 10. Pocahontas
___ 11. Walter Raleigh
___ 12. Richard Hakluyt
a. served as proprietor of Maryland
b. was the wife of John Rolfe
c. was a Pilgrim leader
d. was a leader of Indians near Jamestown
e. served as governor of Massachusetts
f. led a settlement at Roanoke Island that failed
g. was denounced for Antinomianism
h. was an Indian who helped the Pilgrims
i. was a French-born theologian who influenced the Puritans
j. established Rhode Island
k. wrote A Discourse Concerning Western Planting
l. was an early leader of Jamestown
TEST 2
___ 1. Virginia Company
___ 2. An Act Concerning Religion
___ 3. Puritans
___ 4. tobacco
___ 5. Mayflower Compact
___ 6. headright system
___ 7. Quakers
___ 8. indentured servants
___ 9. House of Burgesses
___ 10. Half-Way Covenant
___ 11. Magna Carta
___ 12. Levellers
a. institutionalized the principle of toleration that had prevailed from Maryland’s beginnings
b. believed the spirit of God dwelled in all persons
c. gave five to seven years of service for passage to America and were subject to punishment
d. was the first elected assembly in colonial America
e. was the charter company that established Jamestown
f. was the first written frame of government in British America
g. was a religious compromise for the descendants of the Great Migration
h. was the primary crop of the Chesapeake colonies
i. argued that the Church of England was still too Catholic
j. granted fifty acres to anyone who paid his own passage
k. formed a political movement favoring expanded liberties
l. was a 1215 document that was said to embody English freedom
True/False
1. Jamestown was originally settled only by men.
2. A Discourse Concerning Western Planting argued that English settlement of North America would strike a blow
against Spain.
3. As enclosure of land resulted in fewer farmers, many of these people moved to English cities, becoming jobless
and causing vagrancy.
4. The English increasingly viewed America as a land where a man could control his own labor and thus gain
independence.
5. Indians mostly traded furs and animal skins for European goods.
6. Growing connections with Europeans lessened warfare between Indian tribes.
7. Early settlers of Jamestown preferred seeking gold to farming.
8. The headright system led to fewer people from England coming to Virginia.
9. Treatment of the Indians by members of the Virginia colony was influenced in part by Las Casas’s
condemnation of Spanish behavior.
10. The romance between Pocahontas and John Smith led to their marrying in England, where she then died.
11. The Virginia Company accomplished its goals for the shareholders and for its settlers.
12. Believing that tobacco was harmful to one’s health, King James I warned against its use.
13. Women in the early Virginia colony comprised about half the white population.
14. Virginia women who were feme sole were more likely to have the opportunity to conduct business.
15. Puritans believed that the Church of England was not in need of reform.
16. Self-denial was an important element of the Puritan understanding of freedom.
17. The Pilgrims intended to set sail for Cape Cod in 1620.
18. The first settlers to Massachusetts were nearly identical in makeup to the first Jamestown settlers.
19. The family structure in Puritan colonies in America differed significantly from the typical family structure in
England.
20. Religious toleration violated the Puritan understanding of moral liberty.
21. Roger Williams imagined Rhode Island as a feudal domain.
22. To the Puritan leaders, Indians were savages and immoral.
23. One of the first priorities of the Puritans upon arriving in North America was converting the Indians to
Christianity.
24. In British America, unlike other New World empires, Indians performed most of the labor in the colonies.
25. After the English Civil War, it was generally believed that freedom was the common heritage of all Englishmen.
26. The English Civil War was a bloodless war that restored Catholicism to England.
27. Jewish people enjoyed religious freedom under Maryland’s Act Concerning Religion.
28. Oliver Cromwell’s Parliament passed the first Navigation Act, aimed to wrest control of world trade from the
Dutch.
29. The English colonies in America in the seventeenth century developed remarkably similar economic, political,
and social structures to one another.
Short Answer
Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
1. New England merchant elite
2. Puritanism
3. civil versus natural liberty
4. Powhatan
5. Pocahontas
6. English Civil War
7. Roger Williams
8. Elizabeth I
9. tobacco
10. Anne Hutchinson
11. headright system
12. Magna Carta
Essay
1. What key political, social, and religious ideas and institutions defined the English nation around 1600?
2. Once England decided to create an overseas empire, it did so with impressive speed. Explain the motives behind
English expansion to the North American continent, including the Great Migration.
3. Many degrees of freedom coexisted in seventeenth-century North America. Discuss the various definitions of
freedom. Be sure to include slaves, indentured servants, women, Indians, property owners, and Puritans in your
discussion. Identify any similarities and differences among these different versions of freedom.
1. Describe the main contours of English colonization in the seventeenth century.
4. Explain the reasons behind the various conflicts between the English and the Indians. How do differing perceptions
of land and liberty fit into the story? How do trade and religion play a part?
5. John Winthrop distinguished between natural and moral liberty. What was the difference? How did moral liberty
work, and how did Puritans define liberty and freedom? Discuss the restrictions of moral liberty and the
consequences as illustrated by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson. Be sure to address Winthrop’s speech in the
Voices of Freedom box.
6. Compare the Chesapeake and New England colonies. Explore the various reasons for the colonists’ emigrating
to the New World, their economies, gender roles, demographics, religion, and relations with the Indians. How
did land ownership compare from one region to the other? Which pattern of settlement is more representative of
American development after the seventeenth century?
7. Both religious freedom and the separation of church and state are taken for granted today. In seventeenth-century
colonial America, freedom and religion did not necessarily go hand in hand, for many believed that the church
ought to influence the state. Describe the varying degrees of religious freedom practiced in the colonies as well as
differing attitudes about the relationship between church and state. Be sure to consider the following colonies, at
least: Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Maryland.
8. How had the concept of English freedom developed through the centuries before 1700? What had defined freedom,
and to whom were liberties granted? How and why had those definitions changed over the centuries? How did the
English Civil War help to change those definitions?
