d. That religion supported sterilization in cases such as hers.
e. That she had no money to support a child.
67. Why did Mexican immigration increase during World War I?
a. The Mexicans wanted to fulfill the German request in the Zimmermann Telegram.
b. Labor shortages in mines and farms led to more job opportunities.
c. Many Mexican men wanted to serve in the U.S. military.
d. No other country would take Mexicans.
e. Germany had invaded Mexico.
68. In his article “Trans-National America,” Randolph Bourne
a. embraced all anti-immigration policies.
b. expanded the Americanization model.
c. argued that immigrants could retain their group identities and embrace a new “trans–national” culture.
d. endorsed the idea that Americans should create the largest “trans–national” empire of the world.
e. promoted the idea that the entire American continent should speak the same language, English.
69. Why did Bourne speak of a new “trans–national” culture in America?
a. because when immigrants returned to their home countries, they always took portions of American culture
with them
b. because U.S. foreign policy was based on invading other countries
c. because immigration was ruining America’s national character
d. because America was formed by different peoples and not a single nationality
e. because the only way for the United States to become a world leader was by copying the best features and
programs of other nations
70. According to Bourne, what was the nationality of America’s first immigrant?
a. African
b. Indian
c. Anglo-Saxon
d. Spanish
e. French
71. In which of the following ways did the ideal of Progressive freedom fail?
a. It did not grant the right to vote to immigrant women who became U.S. citizens.
b. Most Americanization programs assumed that immigrants could never adjust to the conditions of American
life.
c. The majority of African-American women in the South could not vote because of poll taxes and tests.
d. The Electoral College remained.
e. Alcohol was manufactured by bootleggers and moonshiners.
72. What holiday did the Committee on Public Information temporarily rename “Loyalty Day” in an attempt to
increase patriotism among immigrant population?
a. New Year’s Eve
b. Christmas Day
c. the Fourth of July
d. the day American troops arrived at the war front
e. the Day of the Immigrant
73. Why can Woodrow Wilson be seen as an endorser of the Ku Klux Klan?
a. He attended a KKK rally in Washington, D.C.
b. The White House showed The Birth of a Nation.
c. He wrote a history of the KKK.
d. He wrote the screenplay for a racist film.
e. The KKK swore in Wilson as a grand wizard.
74. During his presidency, Woodrow Wilson
a. dismissed numerous black federal employees.
b. banned the showing of the movie The Birth of a Nation at the White House.
c. outlawed discrimination in federal agencies.
d. appointed several black judges.
e. built on his civil rights record as governor of Virginia.
75. The idea of the melting-pot
a. only applied to European immigrants.
b. was rejected by most private groups.
c. included all nationalities, regardless of color.
d. understood immigration groups would continue to embrace some of the customs and habits of their mother
countries.
e. assumed that immigrants would eventually join the American mainstream.
76. In what ways was W. E. B. Du Bois a typical progressive?
a. He vigorously opposed the war.
b. He blamed African-Americans for their own plight.
c. He believed that only a social revolution could bring racial justice to the United States.
d. He believed that investigation, exposure, and education could solve the nation’s problems.
e. He was mostly concerned with the farmers’ plight during the war.
77. The “Declaration of Principles” adopted by W. E. B. Du Bois’s Niagara Movement
a. called for voting rights for educated African- Americans.
b. called on African-Americans to accept disenfranchisement.
c. called for complete economic and educational equality.
d. was signed by Booker T. Washington.
e. called for more vocational schools for African– Americans.
78. American citizenship was granted to Puerto Ricans in 1917, but in what way was it limiting?
a. They could not participate in the presidential election.
b. They were obliged to pay higher taxes than other American citizens.
c. They were only allowed to elect two senators to the U.S. Congress.
d. They were not allowed to serve in the military.
e. They had to pay reparations for the Spanish–American War.
79. Which of the following groups was excluded from nearly every Progressive definition of freedom?
a. Mexican immigrants
b. Chinese immigrants
c. German-Americans
d. women
e. nonwhites
80. African-Americans migrated north during the Great Migration for which of the following reasons?
a. the prospect of lower rents
b. the prospect of living without whites
c. escaping the pollution of industry
d. the prospect of being able to live in the suburbs
e. being able to educate their children
81. African-Americans who migrated to the North during the Great Migration encountered which of the following
conditions?
a. being barred from public thoroughfares
b. menial and unskilled jobs
c. exclusion from the public school system
d. segregation in all public facilities
e. public lynchings
82. The Tulsa riot, in which 300 African-Americans were killed,
a. occurred after black sharecroppers went on strike and attacked white “scabs.”
b. was opposed by police and National Guardsmen, who came to the defense of black victims.
c. began after black veterans tried to prevent the lynching of a young black man.
d. came to an end quickly, after local black and white leaders united to stop the violence.
e. occurred with minimal damage to the city.
83. How did Garveyites define freedom at the time of World War I?
a. as the right to serve in desegregated military units
b. as black self-reliance and national self-determination
c. as equal pay for equal work
d. as the perfect blending and assimilation of white and black Americans
e. as the right to bear arms and listen to jazz
84. In response to the Russian Revolution that led to the creation of the communist Soviet Union, the United States
a. diplomatically recognized the Soviet Union.
b. aided supporters of communist rule in the Soviet Union during a civil war in 1918.
c. invited the Soviet Union to the Versailles peace conference.
d. pursued a policy of anticommunism that would remain throughout the twentieth century.
e. invited Vladimir Lenin, the head of the Soviet Union, to the United States.
85. Which of the following statements is accurate regarding African–American participation during World War I?
a. The army barred African-Americans entirely.
b. African-Americans were afforded great respect for their sacrifices made during the war.
c. President Wilson encouraged African-American soldiers to march in the Paris victory parade.
d. African-Americans were assigned mostly to combat units, while white soldiers served in supply units.
e. The U.S. Army tried to persuade the French to not treat African-American soldiers as equals.
86. What triggered the surge of conservative governments in central Europe at the end of World War I?
a. a worldwide revolutionary upsurge
b. the killing of the tsar during the Russian Revolution
c. the British suppression of the Indian nationalist movement
d. the revival of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires
e. the disintegration of European families in the wake of urbanization
87. How did World War I and the rhetoric of freedom shape the labor movement and workers’ expectations?
a. World War I had a minimal impact on the labor movement.
b. There were very few labor strikes after the war.
c. Wartime propaganda turned the labor movement toward nationalism.
d. Wartime rhetoric inspired hopes for social and economic justice.
e. Workers abandoned their push for the eight–hour day.
88. Assess the impact of the bombing of the New York Stock Exchange in September 1920.
a. It triggered the notorious raids against radical labor organizations.
b. It caused the death of forty people.
c. It prompted the American Communist Party to strengthen its ties to the Soviet regime in Moscow.
d. It rekindled anticommunist repression and led to the conviction and execution of five conspirators.
e. The bomb did not kill anyone, but it triggered a worldwide stock market collapse and recession.
89. Woodrow Wilson’s efforts at the Versailles peace conference in Paris
a. failed to achieve the inclusion of a League of Nations in the peace treaty.
b. refused a treaty clause holding Germany morally responsible for the war.
c. were thwarted by angry Parisian crowds upon his arrival.
d. did not include support for the independence of peoples still under British and French colonial rule.
e. were well respected by the other diplomats, especially the Allies.
90. Why did many people in eastern Europe consider Woodrow Wilson a “popular saint”?
a. He had liberated them from Russian occupation.
b. He had helped restore the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman monarchies.
c. He had helped eastern European immigrants in the United States with a path toward citizenship.
d. His criticism of imperialism helped eastern European peoples carve out new independent nations.
e. American soldiers had provided plenty of care packets with food to suffering civilians.
91. Which of the following statements is true of the Great Steel Strike of 1919?
a. The strike involved mostly nonimmigrant workers.
b. The strike continued for many years before it collapsed.
c. The strike involved 5,000 workers.
d. Workers demanded union recognition.
e. Workers won a ten-hour day.
92. Which of the following is true about the Red Scare of 1919–1920?
a. The government failed to intervene in the operations of radical and labor organizations.
b. The government welcomed hundreds of immigrant radicals.
c. It was a moment of intense conflict, but the government respected all civil liberties.
d. It resulted in a wave of persecution of workers.
e. It was an intense period of political intolerance.
93. The Treaty of Versailles
a. did not place any type of limit on the German military forces.
b. accomplished some of Wilson’s goals and imposed harsh conditions on Germany.
c. was a fair document that guaranteed long-lasting peace.
d. failed to establish the principle of self-determination.
e. copied all of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
94. Why did the United States not become a member of the League of Nations?
a. The Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles.
b. Russia underwent a communist revolution.
c. Great Britain and France refused to let the United States become a member.
d. Germany sank the Lusitania.
e. Japan invaded China.
95. Why did Edith Wilson take on presidential responsibilities for more than a year?
a. Woodrow Wilson was in Europe negotiating treaties.
b. Her husband had a stroke, leaving him incapacitated.
c. Warren G. Harding died during his first term.
d. Her husband had created a special regiment of soldiers and led them during World War I.
e. She was acting vice president, so when her husband died she was next in line.
96. Warren G. Harding, the Republican candidate, won the 1920 presidential election. What was the basis of his
campaign?
a. He planned to strengthen United States’ economic and military presence internationally.
b. He wanted to return to “normalcy.”
c. He intended to send missionaries to Europe to promote democracy and freedom.
d. He would continue Wilson’s legacy.
e. He proposed a liberal agenda.
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Woodrow Wilson
___ 2. W. E. B. Du Bois
___ 3. Eugene Debs
___ 4. Alice Paul
___ 5. Marcus Garvey
___ 6. Theodore Roosevelt
___ 7. Randolph Bourne
___ 8. Jeannette Rankin
___ 9. William Howard Taft
___ 10. D. W. Griffith
a. arrested under the Espionage Act
b. liberal internationalism
c. The Birth of a Nation
d. first female member of Congress
e. Niagara Movement
f. Universal Negro Improvement Association
g. National Woman’s Party
h. “Trans–National America”
i. Monroe Doctrine corollary
j. Dollar Diplomacy
TEST 2
___ 1. Fourteen Points
___ 2. Committee on Public Information
___ 3. Gentlemen’s Agreement
___ 4. Red Scare
___ 5. Roosevelt Corollary
___ 6. League of Nations
___ 7. Great Migration
___ 8. Zimmermann Telegram
___ 9. eugenics
___ 10. IWW
___ 11. Americanization
___ 12. Lusitania
a. improving the human species by controlling heredity
b. relocation of blacks to the North
c. international police power in Western Hemisphere
d. a world organization
e. assimilating immigrants
f. British ship sunk by Germans
g. proposed a German-Mexican alliance
h. proposed agenda for the peace conference
i. Four-Minute Men
j. anti-labor crusade after the war
k. opposed U.S. entry into war
l. restricted Japanese immigration
TEST 3
___ 1. Panama Canal Zone
___ 2. Dollar Diplomacy
___ 3. Roosevelt Corollary
___ 4. Fourteen Points
___ 5. Eighteenth Amendment
___ 6. Great Migration
___ 7. War Industries Board
___ 8) Espionage Act
a. large-scale migration from the South to the North
b. prohibited interfering with the draft
c. provided the United States the right to function as an international police power
d. a ten-mile-wide strip of land
e. emphasized economic investment over military intervention
f. prohibited the sale of intoxicating liquor
g. statement of American war aims
h. supervised all elements of war production
True/False
1. Theodore Roosevelt was more active in international diplomacy than most of his predecessors.
2. The Roosevelt Corollary claimed for the United States the right to exercise an international police power in the
Western Hemisphere.
3. To justify his diplomatic policy, Theodore Roosevelt divided the world into “civilized” and “uncivilized”
nations.
4. Emiliano Zapata and “Pancho” Villa led rival peasant factions who united in support of Wilson’s Mexican ally,
Venustiano Carranza, in the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution.
5. Woodrow Wilson issued the Fourteen Points in January 1918, establishing the agenda for the peace conference
that followed World War I.
6. Woodrow Wilson had been adamantly opposed to women’s suffrage prior to 1918.
7. The patriotic efforts of American women during World War I helped achieve passage of the Nineteenth
Amendment.
8. The Committee on Public Information influenced advertisers after the war.
9. The “great cause of freedom” was a phrase used to support and promote the war effort.
10. The Espionage Act of 1917 prohibited not only spying and interfering with the draft but also “false statements”
that might impede military success.
11. Patriotism during World War I meant support for the government, the war, and the American economic system.
12. During World War I, most Progressives were outraged at the broad suppression of freedom of expression and
spoke out against the Sedition Act.
13. Eugenics, which studied the alleged mental characteristics of different races, gave anti-immigrant sentiment an
air of professional expertise.
14. Persons suspected of disloyalty during World War I were placed in prison for one or two days.
15. The war weakened the conviction that certain kinds of persons ought to be excluded from immigrating to
America, which had lots of support before the war.
16. Eugenics contended that most social problems could be solved by controlling the American population.
17. The Race Betterment Foundation was founded by John Harvey Kellogg to discourage people with the “wrong”
pedigree from having children.
18. Americanization programs often targeted women as the bearers and transmitters of culture.
19. World War I accelerated the effort to “improve” the quality of Americans.
20. According to Bourne, there is a distinctive American culture that should be preserved.
21. Progressive intellectuals, social scientists, labor reformers, and suffrage advocates displayed a remarkable
indifference to the black condition in the early twentieth century.
22. Although Roosevelt had invited Booker T. Washington to dine with him at the White House, he still felt blacks
were “wholly unfit for the suffrage.”
23. In some ways, W. E. B. Du Bois was a typical Progressive who believed that investigation, exposure, and
education would lead to solutions for social problems.
24. World War I opened thousands of industrial jobs to black laborers for the first time, inspiring a large-scale
migration from South to North called the Great Migration.
25. Marcus Garvey launched a separatist movement, encouraging blacks to embrace their African heritage.
26. The Red Scare was a short-lived but intense period of political intolerance inspired by the postwar strike wave
and the social tensions and fears generated by the Russian Revolution.
27. The Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I imposed harsh conditions and failed to guarantee future peace
in Europe.
28. Woodrow Wilson failed to include black Americans and the colonial peoples of the world in his vision of
American democracy.
Short Answer
1. Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
1. Red Scare of 1919–1920
2. Lusitania
3. eugenics
4. liberal internationalism
5. Committee on Public Information
6. Great Migration
7. Niagara Movement
8. Sedition Act
9. Panama Canal
10. Great Steel Strike
11. Tulsa riot
12. Versailles Treaty
2. Briefly describe Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral Imperialism.”
3. Briefly explain Woodrow Wilson’s liberal internationalism.
4. Eugenics supporters aimed to improve the genetic quality of the U.S. population. Briefly describe how this
practice was used by different organizations and groups. Make sure to include the anti-immigration groups and
the Race Betterment Foundation.
Essay
1. Analyze how accurate W. T. Stead was when he argued in his The Americanization of the World: Or, the Trend
of the Twentieth Century that the source of American power was located not in military might or territorial
acquisition but in America’s single-minded commitment to the pursuit of wealth and the relentless international
spread of American culture.
2. Explain how Americans used the language of freedom when discussing foreign policy. Look specifically at the
foreign policies of Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson in your answer. Did the meaning of freedom change with each
administration or stay consistent?
3. It is April 1917, you are a member of Congress, and President Wilson wants a declaration of war. Justify your
vote for or against war with Germany.
4. Examine the restrictions placed on freedom during World War I. Be sure to analyze Debs’s piece in Voices of
Freedom, the Committee on Public Information, and “coercive patriotism.”
5. Discuss the relationship of American women to civil liberties during the years of, and surrounding, World War I.
Did all women embrace the advancement of civil liberties in this period? Why, or why not?
6. Compare Roosevelt’s and Wilson’s attitudes toward blacks. How significant were the actions of the federal
government in advancing freedoms for blacks during the early twentieth century?
7. Compare the political ideas of W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. What were the similarities (if any)? What
were the differences?
8. Progressives continued to make strides during the war. Discuss the various Progressive accomplishments between
1916 and 1920. Comment on why the movement declined by 1920.
9. Explain the various debates surrounding the Treaty of Versailles. Why did the Senate ultimately refuse to ratify
the treaty or join the League of Nations?
10. Examine and analyze Woodrow Wilson’s ideas about foreign policy. To what extent did Wilson put into practice
his stated ideas?
11. Nonwhites continued to be excluded from nearly every definition of freedom. Describe their situation during the
Progressive era. Make sure to address the situation of women.
12. During the first two decades of the twentieth century, Americans discussed foreign policy using the language of
freedom. Their ventures abroad, they would argue, responded to the objective of promoting liberty and
democracy and had nothing to do with economic interest. Please discuss how the Progressive presidents viewed
and exercised American power outside U.S. borders. Make sure to explain their goals, plans, and results.