70. The Progressive governor of Wisconsin, Robert M. La Follette, instituted which of the following reforms?
a. appointing candidates to office without elections
b. an end to corporate wealth taxation
c. regulating railroads and utilities
d. using Republican university faculty
e. promising lower taxes and less government interference
71. What did Robert M. La Follette and Walter Lippmann emphasize in regard to Progressive government?
a. They wanted to increase direct participation of the populace.
b. The government should do no regulating of corporations.
c. Impartial experts such as college professors needed to play a role.
d. America should become a socialist country.
e. The experience of city bosses was key to making governmental decisions.
72. Which of the following statements about Jane Addams and Hull House is true?
a. Hull House and other settlement houses provided shelter for the “new woman.”
b. Addams built kindergartens for black children.
c. Hull House was modeled on a settlement house in New Orleans.
d. Addams established employment bureaus and health clinics.
e. Addams believed that immigrant women primarily needed union protection.
73. Which of the following was a female progressive reformer?
a. Gloria Steinem
b. Bella Abzug
c. Alice Paul
d. Jane Goodall
e. Charlotte Perkins Gilman
74. In the South, why did reformers argue for the end of child labor in textile mills?
a. To support white supremacy, these children needed to be in schools.
b. Children needed to be working on farms instead.
c. Factories were an evil northern institution.
d. Black children were being severely mistreated.
e. The conditions were dangerous.
75. After 1900, the campaign for women’s suffrage
a. maintained an increasingly elitist approach.
b. included both middle– and working–class women.
c. stagnated.
d. was most successful in the Northeast.
e. was fought only on the federal level.
76. Why did the women’s suffrage movement increasingly focus its attention on a national amendment to the
Constitution?
a. State campaigns were difficult and often unsuccessful.
b. Women were not going to be satisfied with local voting rights only, and they wanted a say in presidential
elections.
c. Because suffrage organizations were predominantly national in scale, organizing state-level campaigns
proved impossible.
d. Men were more likely to consent to women’s right to vote if it was universal across the nation, not just in
their state.
e. Constitutional amendments were a time-honored tradition in the United States.
77. What were the two goals of maternalist reformers for women?
a. having good marriages and suffrage
b. achieving motherhood and economic independence
c. being married and having healthy children
d. gaining more factory jobs and having children after the age of 40
e. being able to divorce and put children up for adoption
78. In Muller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court
a. refused to limit work hours for male bakers.
b. argued that women were too weak to work long hours.
c. outlawed child labor for children younger than age sixteen.
d. gave labor the right to strike.
e. validated the “liberty of contract” doctrine.
79. What piece of evidence might Louis D. Brandeis have used to support his argument in Muller v. Oregon?
a. a law proclaiming that immigrants were not allowed to vote
b. an employment log showing women and men receiving similar performance reviews in retail environments
c. a photograph of southern women picking cotton
d. a scientific study showing that women shovel coal at half the rate that men shovel
e. the personal diary of a worker in a textile mill
80. In practice, laws providing for mothers’ pensions tended to benefit
a. single mothers.
b. black women.
c. white widows.
d. mothers from the middle classes.
e. activists.
81. Which of the following statements about the idea of “economic citizenship” in the Progressive era is correct?
a. It argued that the right to universal economic assistance derived from manhood itself.
b. It called for local authorities to dispense charity to the poor.
c. It ushered in a wave of federal workmen’s compensation laws by 1913.
d. It acted as a wedge to opening broader support for social insurance programs of the future.
e. It blended Catholicism with a romantic view of nature inspired by the Transcendentalists.
82. What statement best summarizes Herbert Croly’s proposed solution to national economic problems?
a. The federal government’s budget needed to be slashed.
b. Corporations should be granted the power to manipulate laws to their benefit.
c. States needed to take control of their own finances with minimal federal guidance.
d. Economic alliances with Europe needed to be avoided at all costs.
e. Government economic intervention was the path to individual freedom.
83. In his first term as president, what did Theodore Roosevelt use to challenge J. P. Morgan’s western railroads?
a. the Federal Trade Commission
b. the Muller v. Oregon decision
c. the Sherman Antitrust Act
d. New Nationalism
e. the Clayton Act
84. President Theodore Roosevelt
a. believed that the president should side with employers during labor disputes.
b. believed that the president should be an honest broker in labor disputes.
c. opposed direct federal regulation of the economy.
d. opposed the creation of national parks.
e. proposed to weaken the Interstate Commerce Commission.
85. Why did businesses support the Pure Food and Drug Act?
a. They knew they were liable if they harmed the health of consumers with spoiled products.
b. They wanted to protect their workers from spoiled foods.
c. They saw their own market share dwindle as superior European foods grew more popular.
d. They understood that greater public confidence in the quality of their products helped sales.
e. They were concerned about the health and welfare of their workers.
86. John Muir did which of the following?
a. lamented the intrusions of the natural environment on civilization
b. called forests “God’s first disappointments”
c. alienated Americans with his message about the spirituality of nature
d. founded the Sierra Club to help preserve forests
e. fire-bombed lumber companies in the Pacific Northwest and in California
87. To create national parks such as Yellowstone, Yosemite, and Glacier, the federal government
a. removed animals from the land.
b. set aside lands that had never been inhabited by humans.
c. removed Indians who hunted and fished on these lands.
d. dismantled the Northern Pacific Railroad.
e. barred logging and timber companies west of the Mississippi River.
88. In what way was William Howard Taft a Progressive president?
a. He pushed for women’s suffrage.
b. He initiated the trust-busting of Standard Oil.
c. His secretary of interior added more land under federal protection.
d. He opposed the Sixteenth Amendment.
e. He asked Congress to create the Federal Trade Commission.
89. Which of the following natural resources did the Progressive conservationists believe should be regulated by
the national state?
a. timber
b. water
c. natural gas
d. coal
e. oil
90. The Sixteenth Amendment
a. called for the direct election of senators.
b. authorized a graduated income tax.
c. granted women the right to vote.
d. prohibited the use and sale of alcohol.
e. instituted the initiative, referendum, and recall.
91. Why did President Taft fire Gifford Pinchot?
a. Pinchot refused to authorize federal protection of forest reserves in the West.
b. Pinchot criticized Theodore Roosevelt after he left the presidency.
c. Pinchot campaigned for Woodrow Wilson and claimed that Wilson would be the first environmental
president.
d. Pinchot accused the Taft administration of colluding with corporations to hurt the environment.
e. Pinchot did not put enough land in the Rocky Mountains under the federal government.
92. Why were many Americans drawn to the Socialist Party in the election of 1912?
a. Its presidential candidate, Eugene Debs, was a southerner who could appeal to both blacks and whites.
b. A very large minority of Americans were willing to abolish the capitalist system altogether.
c. Americans looked with jealousy at the equality and prosperity that reigned in social democracies like
Britain and Germany.
d. Eugene Debs had been a popular movie star and entertainer before he ran on the Socialist Party ticket.
e. The party’s proposal to nationalize railroads and banks, and to provide unemployment relief, expressed
popular Progressive thought.
93. What characteristic of Woodrow Wilson appeared to Theodore Roosevelt’s supporters to be a relic of the past?
a. In his speeches, Wilson spoke about “waving the bloody shirt” and invoked the divisions of the Civil War.
b. Wilson frequently reminded Americans of the noble goals of the Populist movement of the 1890s.
c. Wilson spoke too much about the mistakes he thought Republicans had made in the past, such as the
annexation of the Philippines.
d. Wilson was committed to programs that aided small-business owners and that seemed to deny the
inevitability of economic concentration.
e. Wilson’s wife and many children made him look rural and unsophisticated, in contrast to Roosevelt’s
urban-based supporters.
94. Why did the Wilson administration impose a graduated income tax in 1913?
a. Correctly predicting the coming of World War I, Wilson hoped to bolster the federal budget for defense.
b. Having imposed a ban on liquor sales, Wilson had to find a way to compensate for the lost exci se tax.
c. Wilson was trying to fulfill his campaign promise of “soaking the rich.”
d. Wilson had promised Republicans a graduated income tax, but only if in return they supported his
declaration of war.
e. The substantial reduction of duties on imports required Wilson to make up for lost revenue.
95. Theodore Roosevelt wanted immigrants to “Americanize.” How were they supposed to do it?
a. by paying high taxes
b. by marrying a U.S. citizen
c. Incorporating their own customs to the “American ways”
d. by joining Protestant churches
e. by abandoning the culture and customs of their home country
96. According to Theodore Roosevelt, which was the fundamental capacity people should have to participate in
democracy?
a. morality
b. money and social status
c. “self–control”
d. a family
e. ambition
97. Theodore Roosevelt’s New Nationalism
a. embraced women’s suffrage.
b. included old and new immigrants to the nation.
c. argued that the government should not provide for the poor.
d. promoted the growth of large corporations.
e. counteracted antitrust laws.
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Jane Addams
___ 2. Henry Ford
___ 3. Eugene Debs
___ 4. Frederick W. Taylor
___ 5. John Muir
___ 6. Margaret Sanger
___ 7. William “Big Bill” Haywood
___ 8. Theodore Roosevelt
___ 9. Robert M. La Follette
___ 10. Louis Brandeis
___ 11. John Mitchell
___ 12. Charlotte Perkins Gilman
a. scientific management
b. birth-control movement
c. Industrial Workers of the World
d. Supreme Court justice
e. Hull House
f. United Mine Workers
g. moving assembly line
h. Wisconsin Progressive
i. socialist leader
j. Square Deal
k. Women and Economics
l. Sierra Club
TEST 2
___ 1. Seventeenth Amendment
___ 2. New Freedom
___ 3. Fordism
___ 4. Upton Sinclair
___ 5. settlement house
___ 6. Federal Reserve Act
___ 7. New Nationalism
___ 8. Muller v. Oregon
___ 9. muckraker
___ 10. referendum
___ 11. recall
___ 12. initiative
a. The Jungle
b. allowed for popular votes on public policies
c. enabled citizens to propose and vote directly on laws
d. limited working hours for women
e. writer or journalist
f. mass production and consumption
g. permitted the removal of public officials by popular vote
h. aid to immigrants
i. twelve regional banks
j. Roosevelt’s campaign
k. enabled U.S. senators to be chosen by popular vote
l. Wilson’s campaign
TEST 3
___ 1. Ellis Island
___ 2. pragmatism
___ 3. conservation movement
___ 4. New Nationalism
___ 5. Federal Trade Commission
___ 6. birth-control movement
___ 7. Society of American Indians
a. philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century
b. most European immigrants entered the United States through here
c. wanted to preserve natural resources
d. changed sexual behaviors
e. political philosophy of Theodore Roosevelt
f. reform organization bringing together Indian intellectuals
g. investigated “unfair” business activities
True/False
1. The doors were locked at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company on the day of the fire because the owner wanted to
prevent possible thefts and unwanted employee breaks.
2. Progressive-era immigration formed part of a larger process of worldwide migration that was set in motion by
industrial expansion and the decline of traditional agriculture.
3. One particularly influential muckraker was Ida Tarbell, whose book exposed several political scandals.
4. Progressive-era immigration was part of a global migration set in motion by industrial expansion.
5. During the Progressive era, the working woman became a symbol of female emancipation.
6. Charlotte Perkins Gilman argued that economic independence for women did not necessarily mean a change in
the home and in family relationships.
7. Henry Ford paid good wages to attract skilled laborers.
8. The ability to buy consumer goods had nothing to do with the Progressive–era union fight for higher wages.
9. By 1914, socialism had made such inroads in popularity that the U.S. Congress had a Socialist representative.
10. Louis Brandeis believed unions represented a principle of freedom.
11. Chicago and New York emerged as centers of socialist power.
12. In 1912, the socialist weekly newspaper Appeal to Reason was the largest paper in the country.
13. Compared with the American Federation of Labor, the Industrial Workers of the World union was conservative
for its day.
14. Like the abolitionist movement before it, the labor movement, in the name of freedom, demanded the right to
assemble, organize, and spread its views.
15. New sexual attitudes during the Progressive age were limited to the radical bohemia of New York’s Greenwich
Village.
16. Margaret Sanger was against birth-control devices.
17. Drawing on the reform programs of the Gilded Age and the example of European legislation, Progressives
sought to reinvigorate the idea of an activist, socially conscious government.
18. The federal government enacted most of the Progressive era’s reform measures.
19. John Dewey believed social policies should be scientifically evaluated.
20. Referendum allows for the removal of public officials by popular vote.
21. Progressives had faith in government run by impartial experts, who were in many respects unaccountable to the
citizenry.
22. The “new woman” was college educated, middle class, and devoted to providing social services.
23. The Pure Food and Drug Act demonstrated that the federal government was growing and would intervene in the
corporate world.
24. The conservation movement reflected the Progressive thrust toward efficiency and control.
25. As president, Theodore Roosevelt was persuaded by Gifford Pinchot to refrain from setting aside millions of
acres of federal land as wildlife preserves.
26. The election of 1912 evolved into a national debate over the relationship between political and economic
freedom in the age of big business.
27. When Theodore Roosevelt failed to win the Republican nomination for president in 1912, he ran as the
Progressive Party candidate.
28. Woodrow Wilson was the first president to try to influence public opinion by holding regular press conferences.
29. Once in office, Woodrow Wilson began to aggressively pursue his goal of dismantling as many trusts as possible.
30. Theodore Roosevelt believed that slaves brought from Africa were not fit for citizenship.
31. In 1910 Theodore Roosevelt argued that the government should not be responsible for the well-being of its people.
Short Answer
1. Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
1. collective bargaining
2. Fordism
3. new feminism
4. Society of American Indians
5. Progressive Party
6. Carlos Montezuma
7. muckrakers
8. Muller v. Oregon
9. socialism
10. conservationism
11. new nationalism
12. recall
2. Briefly describe how a typical Progressive-era “new woman,” such as Jane Addams, looked and describe her
ideals.
3. Briefly explain John Dewey’s pragmatism.
Essay
1. In what ways was the Progressive era a period that saw both the expansion and the restriction of political and
economic freedoms?
2. Explain how the promise of mass consumption in Progressive America became the foundation for a new
understanding of freedom, one in which people had access to the cornucopia of goods made available by modern
consumption.
3. Discuss the Progressive-era immigrant experience. Why did so many people emigrate during this period and, upon
arrival, how did they navigate their new lives in America?
4. Thinking back to previous chapters, compare the writings and influence of the Progressive Simon Patten with the
Gilded Age social theorists like Henry George and Edward Bellamy. How did each define freedom? How did
each view the future of America?
5. Analyze the various roles women played during the Progressive era, from social reformer to feminist to suffragist.
How did various women define freedom? Be sure to distinguish between different types of women and include
the Voices of Freedom excerpt in your answer.
6. Freedom of expression was given new meaning by labor in the Progressive age. Thinking back to previous
chapters, compare the various movements to expand the meaning of freedom of expression—from the Alien and
Sedition Acts to the abolitionists in the antebellum era—with the labor movement in the Progressive age. Use the
Voices of Freedom piece.
7. Compare the Populist and Progressive movements. Critically analyze why the Progressive movement seemed to
have more success. What were the limitations of the Populist movement?
8. What did Progressives mean by “effective freedom”? How was this idea applied to Progressive reforms?
9. Compare the presidencies of Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson. What made them Progressive presidents? Identify what
you believe to be the most important pieces of legislation passed during each administration. Why are these so
significant? Finally, be sure to indicate what each president did to expand the meaning of freedom for Americans.
10. Discuss the various ways sexual freedom expanded for Americans in the Progressive era.
11. In what ways did women activists and reformers use the Progressive discourse of democracy to gain political
rights and better their social position? Make sure to discuss how the women’s suffrage movement became a mass
movement and detail the methods the reformers used to advertise their ideas.