65. The Indian victory at the Little Bighorn
a. was typical at the time.
b. only temporarily delayed the advance of white settlement.
c. brought an end to the hostilities.
d. came after an unprovoked attack by Indians.
e. resulted in no U.S. Army casualties.
66. The Greenback-Labor Party enjoyed significant but short-lived success during elections. Which of the
following statements accurately describes this party’s platform?
a. It promoted the creation and development of banks and private financial institutions.
b. Its members lobbied for big commercial enterprises.
c. Its members believed the federal government should keep taking money out of circulation.
d. It proposed that the federal government should control the money supply.
e. Its members, first and foremost, wanted to create an international party for workers.
67. Which of the following leaders conducted an unsuccessful effort to escape to Canada and, years later, stood in
front of an audience asking for freedom and equal rights for his people?
a. Henry L. Dawes
b. John Elk
c. Chief Joseph
d. Saum Song Bo
e. Jacob Riis
68. Which of the following statements accurately describes the response of many everyday Americans to the new
social order of the Gilded Age?
a. From the academic world to the public sphere, public discussion gave new attention to class differences and
debates over the implications of economic change.
b. Discussion of class became almost nonexistent because Americans were so wary of sparking conflict that
might result in another civil war.
c. Because the United States was moving away from an industrial economy, farmers became increasingly
powerful in political circles.
d. Employers and employees grew far more trusting of each other due to economic downturns that helped
close the economic gap between them.
e. Americans were predominantly complacent with poverty because their working conditions were so much
better than those of their European counterparts.
69. Which of the following statements accurately assesses the significance of wage labor in America during the
Gilded Age?
a. More and more Americans viewed wage labor as a temporary stop on the path to economic independence.
b. The prevalence of servants in Gilded Age industries largely made traditional wage labor a thing of the past.
c. Freedom and equality became more closely connected than ever before in American history.
d. More and more Americans experienced wage labor as a permanent condition on the edge of poverty.
e. The introduction of freelancing and independent contract work made wage labor increasingly irrelevant.
70. What advice does Chief Joseph offer the white man in his 1879 speech in Washington, D.C.?
a. to leave the continent because the Indians are sure to fight immediately and hold their own
b. to treat all men, including Indians, the same way in order to live in peace
c. to make verbal promises to the Indians regarding property and peace
d. to ignore the Indians entirely as had been done for most of American history
e. to deny Indians the ability to travel and trade in exchange for much-needed supplies
71. “Liberal” reformers of the Gilded Age believed
a. wealth inequality was inevitable in modern society, and democracy was becoming a threat to individual
liberty.
b. individual liberty and property rights were threatened, above all, by the business classes.
c. lower-class groups could strengthen democracy by using government to advance their interests.
d. an activist government should address social needs, much as liberals do in modern America.
e. wealth inequality could be corrected through workers’ hard work.
72. Which of the following ideas accurately summarizes Saum Song Bo’s response toward the construction of the
Statue of Liberty in American Missionary (October 1885)?
a. The Statue of Liberty is misleading as a symbol of freedom due to the discrimination that the Americans
and the French have shown the Chinese.
b. The Statue of Liberty represents the endless opportunities afforded to immigrants to the United States from
all over the world.
c. The Statue of Liberty revolutionized construction techniques and should be celebrated for the way it
impacted urban centers across the United States.
d. The United States government spent far too much money on the Statue of Liberty and instead should have
invested in public education.
e. The construction of the Statue of Liberty underscored the equality with men that most women enjoyed in
the United States after the Civil War.
73. Which of the following statements about the theory of Social Darwinism is correct?
a. The theory was first proposed in On the Origin of the Species by Charles Darwin.
b. The theory argued that evolution in human society should be under the control of the government.
c. The theory argued that the giant industrial corporation was inept and would soon fall apart.
d. The theory argued that freedom required frank acceptance of inequality.
e. The theory argued that legislation was the only way to combat poverty.
74. What was the purpose and approach of the Dawes Act?
a. to imprison Native leaders by arguing that they had destroyed western soil and, thus, agriculture
b. to attack “tribalism” by dividing the land of nearly all tribes and distributing it to Indian families
c. to remove all Indians from the West and confiscate their property
d. to control and supervise tribal life by legally regulating their customs and habits
e. to redistribute the land of the different tribes by respecting their customs and habits
75. What prevented many Native Americans from becoming U.S. citizens in the nineteenth century?
a. Congress had agreed to keep the long-standing treaty system with Native Americans.
b. The Fourteenth Amendment specifically said they could not be citizens.
c. The Dawes Act did not allow for citizenship.
d. Most Indians were unwilling to cede their tribal setting and assimilate into American society.
e. Service in the Confederacy during the Civil War resulted in blocking citizenship after the war.
76. In 1884, the Supreme Court ruled against John Elk when he tried to claim American citizenship. What reason
did the Supreme Court give for rejecting his petition?
a. He was not paying taxes and had not done anything to assimilate into American society.
b. He was not born within the boundaries of the United States, and thus was not subject to its “jurisdiction.”
c. Whether he had achieved the degree of “civilization” required of American citizens was in question.
d. He did not follow the appropriate procedures and refused to give up his tribal affiliation.
e. Western courts had never denied Native Americans the rights afforded by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Amendments.
77. Which of the following court cases made it difficult for states to regulate railroads?
a. Lochner v. New York
b. Plessy v. Ferguson
c. Munn v. Illinois
d. United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
e. Wabash v. Illinois
78. Which of the following statements accurately compares the U.S. Supreme Court’s approach to organization in
business and labor during the Gilded Age?
a. Whereas the Court rejected the organization of big business on constitutional grounds, it supported workers’
right to organize.
b. The Court used the Sherman Antitrust Act liberally for the breakup of both business and labor
organizations.
c. While the Court applied the Sherman Antitrust Act to break down unions, it proved unwilling to endorse the
regulation of big business.
d. Understanding the dynamics of the new industrial age, the Supreme Court allowed workers as well as
businesses to organize powerful and centralized institutions.
e. The Court refused to apply the Sherman Antitrust Act against unions or business on the grounds that the law
itself was unconstitutional.
79. What was the Ghost Dance movement?
a. It was a military technique federal troops developed and used against the Native Americans following the
massacre at Wounded Knee.
b. It was a traditional religious revival that brought solace to the Native Americans who participated in it but
made the government fear the possibility of an uprising.
c. It was a cultural phenomenon among European immigrants who traveled to the West and resulted in an anti–
immigrant backlash among white Americans in these areas.
d. It was an intercultural dance that served as an open invitation for whites to join Native American
communities across much of the United States.
e. It was a Native American cultural movement embraced by the government due to the belief that it would
distract Native Americans from conflicts with western settlers.
80. What was one result of the massacre at Wounded Knee?
a. An official government inquiry led to the lifelong imprisonment of many soldiers.
b. The government eventually awarded the soldiers the Medal of Honor.
c. Custer and all of his soldiers died, fueling anti–Native American sentiment.
d. Various Indian tribes rallied and mounted a military counteroffensive.
e. The press unanimously condemned the actions of the soldiers there.
81. Which of the following properly assesses the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
a. The strike signaled the power of labor unions and the beginning of the socialist challenge to American
democracy.
b. The event highlighted the need for Republicans to address southern economic inequality, not only racial
discrimination.
c. The railroad strike signaled the nation’s shift from southern reconstruction to the question of labor and class
tensions.
d. The strike underlined the rising expectations among industrial workers in times of economic growth and
prosperity.
e. The strike marked the beginning of the end of the railroad industry and prompted the development of the
automobile.
82. By 1880, the government used military troops regularly to do which of the following?
a. to protect African-American voters
b. to put down strikes
c. to protect laborers on strike
d. to stop Mexican immigrants from crossing the U.S. border
e. to guard the Canadian border
83. What was the aim of Carlisle, a boarding school for Indians?
a. to prepare them for reservation life
b. to train them in the professional skills necessary to return to the reservations as doctors and teachers
c. to convert them to Christianity so that they would become missionaries on the reservations
d. to civilize the Indians, making them “American,” as whites defined the term
e. to prepare them to enlist in the U.S. military
84. The Knights of Labor
a. was an inclusive group that called for an array of reforms including the eight-hour workday.
b. organized only skilled, white, native-born workers.
c. exclusively admitted men and supported the idea that women should not be allowed to work.
d. never had more than a few hundred members due to a downturn in labor organizing in the 1880s.
e. cooperated with big business because they sought to be as prosperous as business owners.
85. William Cody, popularly known as “Buffalo Bill,”
a. was a native leader whose lands were taken by the US government.
b. led one of the most devastating campaigns against Native American tribes.
c. popularized the image of the West as being both wild and romantic with his “Wild West” shows.
d. emphasized the struggles of farm families and labor conflict in mining centers in the West.
e. argued the West should not be inhabited by whites because there was too much violence.
86. The nineteenth-century labor movement argued that
a. concentrated capital was not the enemy but that corrupt politicians were.
b. extremes of wealth and poverty threatened democracy.
c. strikes and walkouts were exclusively a male preserve.
d. meaningful freedom could only exist in conditions of economic inequality.
e. capital should be concentrated entirely among the laborers.
87. In the late nineteenth century, social thinkers such as Edward Bellamy, Henry George, and Laurence Gronlund
offered numerous plans for change, primarily because they were alarmed by a fear of
a. class warfare and the growing power of concentrated capital.
b. increasing power of the executive branch of government and lack of checks and balances.
c. the rapid migration of African-Americans from the South to the industrial North, and their increased voting
power.
d. the increased numbers of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who brought dangerous socialist
ideas to the masses.
e. the momentum gained by women in their efforts to win suffrage and other rights in the public realm.
88. What did the books of Henry George, Laurence Gronlond, and Edward Bellamy all have in common?
a. They relied on the new narrative style of science fiction to forecast the decline of the United States.
b. They all sparkled with unique economic observations but lacked ideas for reform or change.
c. They all praised the liberty and freedom of the American market economy, yet were all written by
immigrants.
d. They all offered decidedly optimistic remedies for the unequal distribution of wealth.
e. They all relied heavily on the latest trends in sociological research.
89. What did Ignatius Donnelly’s 1891 novel Caesar’s Column focus on?
a. ancient Rome
b. military tactics
c. conflict between labor and capital
d. the end of the Civil War
e. civil service reform
90. Henry George offered a(n) ________ as a solution for the problem of inequality in America.
a. low-income housing program
b. single tax
c. immigration restriction law
d. communist platform
e. forced Americanization program
91. Who wrote a novel that promoted socialist ideas under the term of nationalism?
a. Lawrence Gronlund
b. Thorstein Veblen
c. Mark Twain
d. Henry George
e. Edward Bellamy
92. Which of the following statements accurately describes elections during the Gilded Age?
a. Elections were entirely fraudulent due to widespread malfunctioning of voting machines.
b. Elections were closely contested affairs characterized by intense part loyalty.
c. Elections remained unnoticed affairs, as most people did not care about politics.
d. Elections were almost nonexistent because of the political turmoil that characterized the period.
e. Elections were flashy affairs, but the results were never close.
93. How did the American Catholic Church act during the Gilded Age?
a. American Catholics grew increasingly apart from their fellow believers in Europe.
b. The American Catholic Church saw a growing number of clergies advocate social justice and reform.
c. Afraid of a schism between wealthy and poor Catholics, the Church instead turned its attention to the
defense of marriage and parental control.
d. Overwhelmed by the radicals of largely Catholic southern European labor organizers, the Church distanced
itself from its traditional stand for social justice and equality.
e. Eager to ward off criticisms of “papal rule,” the American Catholic Church denounced the Vatican.
94. What religious idea did Walter Rauschenbusch promote?
a. The Catholic Church version of the Bible was superior to that used in Protestant churches.
b. Inequality of wealth contradicted the Christian ideal of brotherhood.
c. Missionary work on Indian reservations needed to increase.
d. The focus of missions should be on the diverse peoples of Asia.
e. The Bible should be included in public school curriculums.
95. After the Civil War, political parties were closely divided. What geographical area did the Democrats
dominate?
a. the industrial North
b. the Midwest
c. the South
d. the agrarian West
e. the mining districts of California
96. Which of the following statements about the Haymarket Affair is correct?
a. The explosion of a bomb during the protest fueled employers’ efforts to paint the labor movement as
dangerous and un-American.
b. The Knights of Labor gained a reputation for peaceful protests that helped them achieve notoriety and
evolve into a major political party.
c. Several members of the president’s cabinet left in disgrace in response to the revelation that they had
engaged in bribery.
d. The demonstration brought about laxer immigration laws and significantly improved the experiences of
immigrants in the United States.
e. Race riots in major cities resulted in Congress doing away with the last of the legislation left over from
Reconstruction.
97. Which of the following statements is true about the Civil Service Act of 1883?
a. It gave politicians clear steps to follow to ensure the appointment of political allies as federal employees.
b. It was passed in response to the increasing number of strikes and riots led by factory workers.
c. It created the Interstate Commerce Commission and had a major impact on railroad practices.
d. It created a system intended to keep women from becoming federal employees after they won the right to
vote.
e. It created a system to prevent the appointment of federal employees based on their political influence.
98. Which of the following was true of Republicans during the Gilded Age?
a. They aimed to reintroduce greenbacks.
b. They sought to increase federal spending.
c. They prioritized the needs of southern and western farmers.
d. They supported a high tariff to protect American industry.
e. They refused to pay the national debt.
99. Who was a surprise third-party candidate in the race for New York City mayor in 1886?
a. Theodore Roosevelt
b. J. P. Morgan
c. Henry George
d. William Tweed
e. Lawrence Gronlund
100. The Haymarket Affair led to the decline of which group?
a. the Christian Lobby
b. Knights of Labor
c. Women’s Christian Temperance Union
d. Ku Klux Klan
e. Reform Bureau