110. In 1860, which state became the first to pass an ordinance of secession and declare itself separated from the
Union?
a. Virginia
b. Kentucky
c. Georgia
d. South Carolina
e. Tennessee
111. During the secession winter of 1860–1861, who offered the most widely supported compromise plan in
Congress, which allowed the westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line?
a. Abraham Lincoln
b. John Crittenden
c. Jefferson Davis
d. Zachary Taylor
e. Andrew Johnson
112. Which statement is true about the Confederacy?
a. The cornerstone of the Confederacy was the racist belief that whites were racially superior and blacks’
natural condition was to be enslaved.
b. The majority of whites in the Confederate states were slaveholders in 1860.
c. The majority of whites in the Confederate states believed in free labor ideology.
d. All whites in the Confederate states had supported secession.
e. Most poor whites in Confederate states believed they would achieve economic independence if slavery were
abolished.
113. Which statement is true about the Confederacy?
a. The Constitution of the Confederate States of America was drafted to be different in all ways from the U.S.
Constitution.
b. The Constitution of the Confederate States of America explicitly guaranteed slave property in the states and
in any newly acquired territories.
c. Confederate leaders planned to return lands to Indian tribes within the Confederate states that had been
seized by the United States.
d. Confederate leaders opposed imperial expansion into Central America and the Caribbean.
e. Stephen Douglas became president of the Confederacy.
114. The American Civil War began in April 1861, when
a. Confederate forces fired upon and captured Fort Sumter.
b. U.S. naval vessels bombarded the city of Wilmington, North Carolina.
c. Confederate and Union cavalry clashed in disputed territory in Texas.
d. General William Sherman led Union soldiers on a devastating march through Georgia.
e. Confederate infantry attacked Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Dred Scott
___ 2. Abraham Lincoln
___ 3. John Frémont
___ 4. Martin Van Buren
___ 5. John Brown
___ 6. William Walker
___ 7. Henry David Thoreau
___ 8. John Breckinridge
___ 9. Stephen Douglas
___ 10. Henry Clay
___ 11. Preston Brooks
___ 12. David Wilmot
a. On Civil Disobedience
b. 1848 Free Soil presidential candidate
c. author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
d. tried to attach bill to ban slavery to war declaration
e. author of the Compromise of 1850
f. caned Charles Sumner
g. a slave who sued for his freedom
h. led a raid on Harpers Ferry
i. 1860 Republican presidential candidate
j. 1860 southern Democratic presidential candidate
k. 1856 Republican presidential candidate
l. filibustering
TEST 2
___ 1. manifest destiny
___ 2. Wilmot Proviso
___ 3. Kansas-Nebraska Act
___ 4. Fugitive Slave Act
___ 5. Ostend Manifesto
___ 6. Free Soil Party
___ 7. Compromise of 1850
___ 8. Know-Nothing Party
___ 9. Tejanos
___ 10. Appeal of the Independent Democrats
___ 11. filibustering
___ 12. gold rush
a. issued by antislavery congressmen
b. suggested that the United States buy or seize Cuba
c. returned runaway slaves to their masters
d. America’s mission to settle the West
e. Texas settlers of Spanish or Mexican descent
f. sudden increase in California’s population
g. voided the Missouri Compromise
h. no slavery in land acquired by Mexico
i. expedition to Central America
j. opponents to the expansion of slavery
k. anti-immigrant political party
l. California’s entry into the Union as a free state
True/False
1. American settlement of Oregon began well before the United States and Great Britain divided the territory at the
forty-ninth parallel.
2. Actions taken by the Mexican government were significant factors in the creation of the Texas independence
movement.
3. The Californios controlled the labor of Indian tribes.
4. Unlike most previous presidents, James Polk was not a slaveholder.
5. The issue of Texas annexation was hotly linked to slavery and affected the nominations of presidential
candidates in the 1840s.
6. Landowners of Spanish heritage in California were forced to accept a new national identity after the Mexican–
American War.
7. The Mexican War was the first American conflict to be fought primarily on foreign soil.
8. After Texas independence, the Tejanos lost rights and access to land.
9. The explosive population growth and competition for gold brought cooperation among California’s many racial
and ethnic groups as they worked together for wealth.
10. As it divided over the issue of slavery, the Catholic Church broke into northern and southern branches.
11. The revolutions of 1848 in Europe are indicative of a lasting democratic shift in western European societies.
12. The Wilmot Proviso never passed as a law.
13. The Free Soil idea in the West appealed to racist northerners who worried about competing against black
laborers.
14. The Fugitive Slave Act provided for the return of runaway slaves to their owners.
15. The Appeal of the Independent Democrats was not a very effective piece of political persuasion.
16. The development of railroads and the economic integration of the Northeast and Northwest created the
groundwork for the political unification of the Republican Party.
17. Nativism emerged as a major political movement in 1854 with the sudden appearance of the Liberty Party.
18. Kansas was admitted to the United States as a slave state in 1858.
19. The free labor ideology assumed that free labor could not compete with slave labor and so slavery’s expansion
had to be halted to ensure freedom for the white laborer.
20. Prior to becoming president in 1857, James Buchanan did not have much political experience.
21. Abraham Lincoln’s early views on race and slavery were focused on increasing economic opportunities for free
blacks.
22. Moderate Republicans like Abraham Lincoln supported the Dred Scott decision.
23. The Lincoln-Douglas debates, although considered significant in American political history, were sparsely
attended.
24. John Brown perpetuated violence over the slavery issue in only Virginia.
25. The Ostend Manifesto suggested seizing all of Mexico, rather than just the Mexican Cession, during the
Mexican War.
26. Abraham Lincoln’s discussion of slavery as a “dying institution” was the catalyst for the first seven states
seceding from the Union.
27. The slave states of the Upper South reacted more favorably to Lincoln’s election than did the slave states of the
Lower South.
28. Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election without a single vote in ten southern states.
29. By the time Lincoln actually took the oath of office, seven states had already seceded from the Union.
Short Answer
Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
Essay
1. Did morality or economics dominate the debates over slavery in the 1850s? Explain the various arguments
made for and against the expansion of slavery. Who, if anyone, was arguing for abolition?
2. John O’Sullivan declared that race was the key to the history of nations and the rise and fall of empires. How
accurate do you think that statement was? Why?
3. What did Emerson mean by “Mexico will poison us”? Was he right? Why or why not?
4. Many Americans and immigrants from other lands believed California presented a magnificent opportunity for
economic freedom once gold was discovered. However, the boundaries of freedom were tightly drawn in
California. Explain the expansions and limitations of freedom there.
5. Analyze the arguments of the Free Soil Party. How did its members understand freedom? How did slavery fit into
their platform?
6. Thinking back to previous chapters, fully explain how the forces of the market revolution heightened the tension
between freedom and slavery.
7. Explain how the various parties reacted to the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Be sure to discuss why the Whig Party
failed, why the Democratic Party split, and why the Republican Party started. How did each party view slavery
and define freedom?
8. Using the Lincoln-Douglas debates, explore how each man viewed freedom. What can their political debates tell
us about American society on the eve of the Civil War?
9. Analyze Roger Taney’s decision in the Dred Scott case. How did the ruling mirror the sectional debates that had
been occurring in Congress? What consequences did the decision have on the liberties and freedoms of blacks in
America?
10. Examine the aftermath of the Mexican War for Tejanos in the Texas borderland. What were the consequences for
Mexicans, Indians, slaves, and free blacks in the newly acquired areas of not only Texas but also New Mexico and
California? Think back to Thomas Jefferson’s idea of an “Empire of Liberty.” Did the newly acquired land from the
Mexican War promote Jefferson’s idea, or as with the Louisiana Purchase, was it an empire of liberty for only a few?
11. How do you explain why and when certain slave states seceded from the Union? Why did some slave states—
Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri—not secede from the Union?