e. Santa Fe, New Mexico
69. Who explored the Great Plains in the 1500s, but was considered a failure because he failed to find gold?
a. Jacques Marquette
b. Samuel Champlain
c. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
d. Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
e. Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
70. Which of the following is true of Spain’s explorations of the New World?
a. Individual conquistadores always traveled alone.
b. Spanish exploration parties suffered greatly from disease.
c. Florida was the first region in the present-day continental United States that Spain colonized.
d. Spain sought to forestall Portuguese incursions into the New World.
e. Spain’s explorations had no impact on the size of the Native American population.
71. Where was the Spanish settlement Santa Elena located?
a. Florida
b. Texas
c. New Mexico
d. Virginia
e. South Carolina
72. Acoma was an Indian city in present-day ________ that the Spanish destroyed.
a. New Mexico
b. Florida
c. Cuba
d. California
e. Puerto Rico
73. By the eighteenth century, Florida played what role in the Spanish empire?
a. It served as a fortified outpost for Cuba.
b. It was a trading hub Spain wished to acquire from England.
c. It was the site of the first-ever Spanish colony.
d. It functioned as a vacation spot for wealthy plantation owners in the Caribbean.
e. It was the only region the Spanish settled that lacked Native Americans.
74. The first permanent European settlement in the Southwest, established in 1610, was
a. Tucson.
b. Albuquerque.
c. El Paso.
d. San Diego.
e. Santa Fe.
75. What benefitted the Indians during the Pueblo Revolt?
a. the help they received from African slaves
b. the large supply of food and guns sent by England
c. their peaceful protests
d. the fact that the Catholic missionary priests had resigned
e. the fact that they could all speak Spanish
76. What best describes the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?
a. It was a rebellion by Spanish Franciscan friars against the Catholic Church’s use of violence to convert
native people to Catholicism.
b. It was a victory of the Pueblo Indians over the Spanish settlers in New Mexico, which reestablished Indian
control of the region.
c. It was a revolt of Protestant Spaniard farmworkers against Catholic Spaniard landowners in Santa Fe.
d. It was a conflict between the Navajo and the Apache tribes.
e. It was a short-lived Indian rebellion that resulted in harsher Spanish suppression of native religious practices
and more brutal demands on native people’s labor when the Spanish regained control of the region in the
1690s.
77. The first French explorations of the New World
a. brought great riches to France.
b. were intended to locate the Northwest Passage.
c. led to successful colonies in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.
d. were in response to an intense rivalry with the Netherlands.
e. created no permanent settlements until the eighteenth century.
78. In 1608, who founded Quebec?
a. Jacques Marquette
b. René-Robert Cavelier
c. Sieur de La Salle
d. Louis Joliet
e. Samuel de Champlain.
79. Why did Indians exercise more power in their relations with the French and the Dutch compared to the
English?
a. The French and Dutch settlements were more dependent on Indians as trading partners than were the
English.
b. The Indians in the French and Dutch colonies were more likely to be immune to European diseases.
c. The Indians in New England had no interest in trading with English settlers there and vice versa.
d. The first French and Dutch settlements, unlike the English settlements, never failed and were long-lasting.
e. The French and Dutch, unlike the English, never allowed indentured servants to come to America.
80. Which of the following statements accurately describes life in New France?
a. The colony benefited from publicity that focused on the favorable weather and the kindness of its
inhabitants.
b. The colony, which the crown had envisioned as a center for Protestantism, became a refuge for French
Huguenots.
c. France encouraged significant emigration, so the colony’s population became the largest in North America.
d. Women outnumbered men in the first few decades and gained a remarkable number of rights as a result.
e. After finishing their contracts, most indentured servants in New France returned to France.
81. People from ________ were most likely to go to other European countries or rival colonies before settling in
one of their own ________ colonies.
a. England; English
b. the Netherlands; Dutch
c. Portugal; Portuguese
d. France; French
e. Spain; Spanish
82. Which of the following statements imparts one of the main ideas of Bartolomé de las Casas’s History of the
Indies (1528)?
a. Casas celebrated the sense of respect the Native Americans and Spanish showed one another as trade
partners.
b. Casas rewrote history such that the Spanish had controlled the West Indies since the beginning of time.
c. Casas laments how the Spanish continually treated Native Americans with violence and like slaves.
d. Casas condemned the tendency of Native Americans to hold the Spanish in captivity.
e. Casas insisted that any destruction of Native American communities by the Spanish was highly contained.
83. What was in the “Declaration of Josephe”?
a. He described how Pueblos lived harmoniously with the Spanish.
b. He discussed the importance of the Catholic faith to his tribe.
c. He asserted how his tribe had rejected Christianity from the beginning.
d. He described how his attempt to convert other tribes had failed.
e. He declared that the God of the Spaniards was dead.
84. France’s relations with Native American tribes can be described as a marriage of necessity because
a. Native Americans were needed to mine for gold.
b. tobacco was the cash crop for the French.
c. very few French came to North America.
d. Native Americans rejected Christianity.
e. the Spanish had much better relations with Native Americans in North America.
85. How did French involvement in the fur trade change life for Native Americans?
a. It didn’t; Native Americans were already hunting beaver and buffalo for their skins.
b. Native Americans benefited economically but were able to avoid getting caught in European conflicts and
rivalries.
c. The French were willing to accept Native Americans into colonial society.
d. The English and French quests for beaver pelts prompted a surge in the Native American population.
e. It forced Native Americans to learn new trapping techniques that were far superior to their old ways.
86. French colonizers in New France
a. treated native Indian people much less humanely than the Spanish and English did.
b. brought Protestantism to Quebec.
c. sent many more emigrants to the Western Hemisphere than England.
d. established the most enduring alliances between settlers and Indians in colonial North America.
e. established hundreds of slave plantations.
87. Which of the following was true of French and Indian relations?
a. Indians were dependent on the French to trap animals for the fur trade.
b. French settlers were more likely to be attracted to the Indians’ way of life than vice versa.
c. Indians often asked traders to send them to Paris and other French cities.
d. French traders often enslaved Indian women and children, sparking wars with the Indians.
e. French settlers taught Indians how to grow corn and squash.
88. Why did French and Dutch settlers seek peaceful relations with local Indians?
a. French and Dutch settlers depended on trade alliances with Native Americans.
b. French and Dutch settlers believed Native American Indian culture was superior and sought to emulate it.
c. French and Dutch settlers were determined to openly celebrate all religions, even those of the Indians.
d. French and Dutch settlers believed Indians would work harder on their farms if they were treated with
respect.
e. French and Dutch settlers held it as their duty to spread democracy to the native inhabitants of North
America.
89. Unlike Spanish missionaries, which of the following was true of the Jesuits in regard to converting Indians?
a. The Jesuits did not suppress traditional Indian religious customs.
b. The Jesuits converted Indians to Protestant faiths instead of Catholicism.
c. The Jesuits rarely had success with their conversions.
d. The Jesuit conversion methods went against the directives of Samuel de Champlain.
e. The Jesuits used methods that destroyed French and Indian relations.
90. As early as 1615, the ________ people of present-day southern Ontario and upper New York State forged a
trading alliance with the French, and many of them converted to Catholicism.
a. Pequot
b. Lenni Lenape
c. Iroquois
d. Cherokee
e. Huron
91. Henry Hudson
a. set sail into the bay that bears his name as a representative of the British empire.
b. was searching for the Pacific coast.
c. hoped to find the Northwest Passage to Asia.
d. set up a Dutch colony based on the idea of consent of the governed.
e. was the architect of the Dutch overseas empire.
92. The Dutch settled New Netherland
a. on the gulf coast of what later became Florida.
b. along the St. Lawrence River in Quebec.
c. along the Hudson River, which later became New York State.
d. on the Pacific coast of what later became California.
e. on the island later known as Newfoundland.
93. After being severely weakened by a smallpox epidemic, the Hurons nearly disappeared due to attacks by
whom?
a. the French
b. the Dutch
c. Algonquian tribes
d. the Iroquois
e. the English
94. Which European country dominated international commerce in the early seventeenth century?
a. France
b. the Netherlands
c. Britain
d. Spain
e. Portugal
95. Which European city was known in the early seventeenth century as a haven for persecuted Protestants from
all over Europe and even for Jews fleeing Spain?
a. Amsterdam
b. Geneva
c. Marseilles
d. London
e. Brussels
96. A seventeenth-century colonial woman who believed she was cheated out of money would have the best
chance of having her case heard if she lived in
a. New Amsterdam.
b. Mexico City.
c. Jamestown.
d. Quebec.
e. Santa Fe.
97. Which of the following is true of freedom in New Netherland?
a. The colony’s elected assembly enjoyed greater rights of self-government than any English colonial
legislative body.
b. The Dutch commitment to liberty prompted the colony to ban slavery there.
c. Religious intolerance led the Dutch to ban all Jewish peoples from the colony.
d. Of all the colonies in the New World, New Netherland required the longest period of service from
indentured servants.
e. Married women retained a legal identity separate from that of their husbands.
98. Which of the following statements accurately describes religion in New Netherland?
a. Religious conflict plagued this colony more than other European colonies.
b. Like Holland, the colony lacked an official religion.
c. Attendance remained mandatory at the Dutch Reformed Church.
d. The government tolerated the practice of religion in private.
e. The government of the colony championed modern ideas of religious freedom.
99. As governor of New Netherland, Petrus Stuyvesant
a. welcomed all religious faiths to the colony.
b. favored Catholics over Jews in New Amsterdam.
c. encouraged the Dutch colonists to convert the Indians.
d. saw women as equals in the Dutch Reformed Church.
e. refused the open practice of religion by Quakers and Lutherans.
100. Patroonship in New Netherland
a. was a great success, bringing thousands of new settlers to the colony.
b. meant that shareholders received large estates for transporting tenants for agricultural labor.
c. was like a system of medieval lords.
d. led to one democratic manor led by Kiliaen van Rensselaer.
e. involved joint Dutch and Indian control of farmland.
101. In their relations with Native Americans, the Dutch
a. sought to imitate the Spanish.
b. concentrated more on economics than religious conversion.
c. tried to drive Native Americans into the Puritan colony.
d. avoided warfare at all costs.
e. called them members of a deceitful race.
102. In regard to history, what was a borderland?
a. a defined boundary between nations
b. the area around the coastline
c. an area exclusively designated as a no-trade zone
d. an exclusively unsettled area
e. an unclear geographical and cultural border
103. What served as an example of a borderlands area in colonial America?
a. the Carolina coastline
b. Natchez
c. Plymouth
d. the Great Lakes
e. Chaco Canyon
104. How does Eric Foner justify characterizing America in the early colonial period as made up of “borderlands”?
a. Boundaries between empires were fixed.
b. Europeans established authority quickly and easily.
c. Hybrid cultures developed.
d. Native people did not resist conquest.
e. Native people were unwilling to trade with settlers.
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Christopher Columbus
___ 2. Hernán Cortés
___ 3. Adam Smith
___ 4. Amerigo Vespucci
___ 5. John Cabot
___ 6. Pedro Cabral
___ 7. Bartolomé de Las Casas
___ 8. Samuel de Champlain
___ 9. Juan Ponce de Léon
___ 10. Vasco da Gama
___ 11. Johannes Gutenberg
___ 12. Zheng He
a. claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
b. founded Quebec in 1608
c. was an Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
d. was a Dominican priest who preached against Spanish abuses of Indians
e. was a British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
f. was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
g. sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
h. was the namesake of America
i. was the first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
j. explored Florida
k. led seven large naval expeditions in the early 1400s
l. developed a movable-type printing press
TEST 2
___ 1. Columbian Exchange
___ 2. “coverture”
___ 3. métis
___ 4. mestizos
___ 5. Santa Elena
___ 6. criollos
___ 7. Black Legend
___ 8. patroons
___ 9. matrilineal
___ 10. hacienda
___ 11. caravel
___ 12. Pueblo Revolt
a. signifies a society centered on the mother’s family
b. was the image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer
c. was an uprising against Spanish colonists in New Mexico
d. was the name given to Dutch landowners of large estates
e. was a large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord
f. was the name given to persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
g. was the name given to children of French traders and Indian women
h. was a married woman surrendering her legal identity
i. was the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds
j. was a Spanish settlement in South Carolina
k. was a person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry
l. was a type of ship capable of traveling long distances
True/False
1. Europeans traded with Muslims in North Africa and Eurasia for centuries before they sailed to the Americas.
2. People from Asia who came to North America used multiple migration paths.
3. Agriculture started in the Americas in Mexico and the Andes around 9,000 years ago.
4. The mound builders were a sophisticated ancient peoples living in the American Southwest.
5. The Zuni, Hopi, and their earlier ancestors were dependent on canals and irrigation for farming.
6. The Chaco Canyon structure built between CE 900 and 1200 was bigger than any structure in British colonial
America.
7. Before the arrival of Europeans, Plains Indians rode small horses to hunt buffalo.
8. For Indians, generosity was among the most valued social qualities.
9. All Indian tribes were patrilineal.
10. “Christian liberty” meant to be free from sin.
11. The development of the idea of “Christian liberty” resulted in colonial societies characterized by unwavering
religious toleration and acceptance.
12. Under English law, women held many legal rights and privileges.
13. Zheng He’s voyages reached as far west as Africa.
14. Portuguese seafarers initially hoped to locate African gold.
15. The Spanish were the first to sail down the western coast of Africa, establishing trading posts called factories.
16. African society did not practice slavery before Europeans came.
17. The Spanish Reconquista required that all Muslims and Jews convert to Catholicism or leave Spain
immediately.
18. Columbus’s first voyage reached the Bahamas in 1492.
19. Columbus established the first permanent settlement on Hispaniola in 1502.
20. Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press allowed news of Columbus’s explorations to spread quickly.
21. In conquering the Aztec empire, Hernán Cortés and his small Spanish army were aided by thousands of soldiers
who had been subjects of the Aztecs.
22. The catastrophic decline in the native populations of Spanish America was mostly due to the fact that they were
not immune to European diseases.
23. By 1550, the Spanish empire in the New World exceeded the ancient Roman empire in size.
24. Despite their monarchy back in Spain, the Spanish colonies had elected assemblies.
25. Martin Luther stated that only priests and other Catholic clergy should be allowed to read and interpret the
Bible.
26. Europeans arrived in North America and South America with the attitude that their culture was superior to that
of the various indigenous groups.
27. Spain’s attitude that Christianity was superior to other religions contributed to both the expulsion of Jews and
Muslims from Spain and the collapse of Native American societies in the New World.
28. The Spanish aim was to exterminate or remove the Indians from the New World.
29. Inspired by tales of golden cities, the Spanish mounted explorations of the present-day US. Southwest.
30. In History of the Indies, Bartolome de las Casas purposefully omitted any mention of the story of the Native
Americans.
31. When the Edict of Nantes, which had granted religious toleration to French Protestants (Huguenots), was
revoked in 1685, 100,000 Huguenots fled France for New France.
32. Like the Spanish, the French often intermarried with the Indians, resulting in mixed-race children.
33. The Dutch were the first Europeans to build a permanent settlement on Manhattan Island.
34. The Dutch invented the joint stock company, which contributed to the development of modern capitalism.
35. Slaves in New Netherland were treated worse than slaves in the West Indies.
36. In New Netherland, the Dutch were intolerant of diverse religious practices and issued an edict that all had to
convert to the Dutch Reformed Church.
37. Many Dutch identified with American Indians as fellow victims of Spanish oppression.
38. The Dutch and French were unaware of each other’s settlements in North America.
Short Answer
Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
Essay
1. Explain as thoroughly as you can how the slave trade affected African society.
2. One Spanish official remarked that “the maxim of the conqueror must be to settle.” Explain what you think he
meant by this statement. Illustrate the various ways conquerors settled the New World, commenting on what
worked, what did not work, and the consequences of those methods.
3. Explain the chapter’s title: “A New World.” What was new? Is “new” an appropriate term? Does perspective
play a role in calling the Americas new? Be sure to comment on whether freedom was new in this New World.
4. Compare Indian society with that of the Europeans. What differences were there? Similarities? Be sure to include
in your analysis ideas about religion, land, and gender roles as well as notions of freedom.
5. The Dutch prided themselves on their devotion to liberty. Explain what kinds of liberties and freedoms the Dutch
recognized that other nations, such as Spain, did not. How did these notions of freedom affect the development of
their North American empire? Be sure to include the Indians and slaves in your discussion.
6. The sophistication and diversity of the peoples in the early Americas is remarkable. Explore that diversity in an
essay that discusses early Native American culture, architecture, religion, gender relations, economy, and views of
freedom.
7. The Spanish had a long history of conquering in the name of God. From the Reconquista to the conquistadores to
the settlement of the New World, Spain justified its conquests as a mission to save the souls of heathens—while
putting them to work in subhuman conditions. Explore this paradox of conquering and killing in the name of
saving. Remember to think about what else was going on in the world at that time with regard to the Protestant
Reformation and the Inquisition.
8. What was a borderland? Compare the roles the French, Dutch, and Indians played in the borderlands of North
America. In the seventeenth century, did any group have an advantage? Explain your answer.