Anthropologists, such as George Hicks, look for inside meaning when they do
ethnographic research.
!Kung regularly express admiration for one another’s hunting achievements.
The misunderstanding that Lee experienced with the !Kung was based on different
cultural meanings for Lee’s gift of a Christmas ox.
!Kung ridiculed the ox Lee gave them for their Christmas feast because the animal was
too thin and old.
Lee’s gift of a Christmas ox was ridiculed by the !Kung because he misunderstood their
criteria for a desirable animal.
According to Deutscher (You Are What You Speak), a part time linguist named
_________along with anthropologist, Edward Sapir, argued that language determined
perception.
a. Benjamin Lee Whorf
b. Roman Jacobson
c. Guugu Yumithiir
d. Henry R. Blackburn
e. Emile Durkheim
Despite residence in a sparse desert environment, the !Kung did not eat a majority of
the edible plants and animals found in their territory when observed in 1963.
Because their environment was so difficult, the !Kung relied heavily on the labor of
children and old people to provide edible plants for general consumption in 1963.
According to Reed, when colonists develop the tropical forest in which Guaran live, the
Indians must farm more and more land to survive.
If the people of a village prefer that their children marry spouses from other villages,
they follow the rule of village endogamy.
McCurdy notes that when a groom ritually breaks into his future bride’s front yard at
the beginning of the final wedding ceremony, the act is one way to symbolize her
movement from her natal family to his.
According to Dubisch (Run for the Wall), those who ride in the Run for the Wall
consciously see it as a pilgrimage.
According to Abu-Lughod (Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?), most Afghan
women were anxious to cease wearing the burqa once U.S. troops drove out the Taliban
in 2002.
According to Mann (You@Work), it is best to avoid listing yourself on professional
websites because competitors can access your information too.
According to Harris (Life without Chiefs), hunter/gathers had no formal leaders. Instead
there were headmen who were respected people but who had no authority to command
anyone to do anything.
Bourgois (Office Work and the Crack Alternative) notes that many Puerto Rican men
living in Spanish Harlem have at one time or another held normal (not underground)
jobs in New York City’s service economy.
According to Deutscher (You Are What You Speak) there are two ways a language can
indicate directiongeographic and egocentricand English speakers can use them both.
According to Boxer (The Military Name Game), the military uses a two-word sequence
to describe military operations.
According to Alverson (Advice for Developers), the Tswana like their privacy and
resent American volunteers when the latter invade their space.
According to Dubisch (Run for the Wall), pilgrimages are journeys with a purpose
taken to a place with meaning. They can be religious, secular, or personal.
According to Sterk, the greatest impediment to developing rapport in field is the
requirement, imposed by her university, that informants sign consent forms.
According to Barrett (Leprosy on the Ganges), medical anthropologists focus their
ethnographic research on the social aspects of disease.
The Freeds (Taraka’s Ghost) described how a young Indian woman, Sita, was possessed
by the Ghost of a woman who committed suicide after sleeping with Sita’s new
husband.
In his article (Office Work and the Crack Alternative) Bourgois claims that only 15
percent of second generation Puerto Ricans living in New York’s Spanish Harlem have
ever held a job in the formal economy.
A microculture is the patterned behavior characteristic of a subgroup within a larger
society.
In his article, “Nice Girls Don”t Talk to Rastas,” Gmelch describes how one of his study
abroad students ran into trouble when she began living with a Rastafarian.
An anthropologist attempts to influence the way people treat tramps by publishing a
book on tramp culture, thus making tramps more predictable to those who must deal
with them. Such an anthropologist would be doing adjustment anthropology.
If an anthropologist studied how the use of tobacco spread throughout the world, he or
she would be interested in cultural diffusion.
Reed claims that the Guaran depend on a slash and burn agriculture for 94 percent of
their dietary needs.
According to Ehrenreich and Hochschild (Global Women in the New Economy), Third
World governments have attempted to prevent their female citizens from migrating
because the latter are causing massive social breakdown by leaving their children and
families.
According to Bestor (How Sushi Went Global), bluefin tuna are now raised in Spanish
waters near Gibraltar where they are fed by hand.
According to Diamond, malaria is an active disease whereas syphilis is a passive
disease.
Shandy and Moe (The Opt-Out Phenomenon) state that being with their children, lower
stress, and nostalgia are all factors that pull women from work to home.
Dubisch (Run for the Wall) argues that pilgrimages rarely affect people who are well
adjusted and content with their lives.
Food-getting strategies have little impact on the structure of society.
Sutherland (The Case of the Gypsy Offender) presents the description of a legal case in
which a nineteen-year-old Gypsy boy is convicted of using someone else’s social
security number despite the fact that he had no intention of defrauding anyone.
Shandy (The Road to Refugee Resettlement) notes that the UN defines refugees as
IDPs, meaning “internally displaced persons.”
According to Fish, Brazilians classify people into tipos such as loura, branca, morena,
mulata, and preta on the basis of how they look.
According to Guneratne and Bjork (Village Walks), when people are the object of the
tourist’s gaze, they become more aware of their own culture and group identity.
Hunter/gatherers provided an ideal population within which crowd diseases, such as
smallpox, could evolve and spread.
Goldstein believes that Tibetan polyandry is a response to high rates of female
infanticide.
The demand for coca leaves has driven many farmers into the lowland rain forest to
grow potatoes.
Richard Lee claims that the consumption of edible plants, rather than meat, was the key
to successful subsistence for the !Kung in 1963.
Mann (You@Work) notes that employers often post everything from information about
their companies to job descriptions and applications on the Internet, so the net is a good
place to search for a job.
According to McCurdy, until recently Bhil tribals were permitted to marry people from
their own village, thus limiting the scope of their economic and social worlds.
Shandy and Moe (The Opt-Out Phenomenon) that for a variety of reasons, Millennials,
women in their twenties and thirties, are leaving work for home
According to Guneratne and Bjork (Village Walks), most Tharu men from Pipariya
wear Western style clothes whereas many Tharu women continue to wear their
traditional dress.
Detached observation is a research approach in which investigators observe human
behavior and create their own categories and theories to describe and explain it.
Anthropologists usually recognize two kinds of social stratification: egalitarian and
rank.
According to Skinner, as noted by Gmelch, once established, magic requires to be
maintained.
a. regular rewards
b. sporadic rewards
c. formal instruction
d. uncertainty
e. all of the above
In her article, “The Military Name Game,” Boxer argues that at the time she wrote the
article, naming military operations involved using
a. a two-word verb-noun phrase that is positive but that is almost meaningless.
b. mythology and religion because of their positive moral overtones.
c. words that are intended to remain secret.
d. consultants from the private sector with backgrounds in advertising.
e. aggressive terms such as “Masher,” “Thunderbolt,” and “Ripper.”
According to Sutherland (the Case of the Gypsy Offender), Gypsies treat social security
numbers as
a. unimportant, because they don”t use social security.
b. corporate property of their kin group, the vitsa.
c. a way to defraud banks so that they can get illegal loans.
d. a source of prestige, because they believe higher numbers bring greater success.
e. something to be traded among themselves for cash.
According to Dubisch (Run for the Wall), anthropologist Victor Turner believed that
ritual
a. organized all human behavior.
b. could be seen in peoples normal day-to-day behavior.
c. had two poles, one ideological and the other sensory.
d. occurred as a way to bury social myths.
e. is designed to express freedom, self-reliance, patriotism, and individuality.
Any use of anthropological knowledge to influence social interaction, to maintain or
change social institutions, or to direct the course of cultural change is called
a. applied anthropology.
b. adjustment anthropology.
c. advocate anthropology.
d. administrative anthropology.
e. academic anthropology.
According to McCurdy, which one of the following is the most important structural
tension associated with marriage in Bhil Society?
a. the decision about how large the dapa (bride price) will be
b. the possibility that young people will refuse to be married
c. disagreement between lineages over who will get to give the wedding and receive the
bride price
d. the shifting of a woman’s loyalty, labor, and reproductive potential from her family to
her husband’s family
e. whether wives will inherit from their own or their husband’s families
A religious specialist reads the cracks in the burned scapula (shoulder blade) of a sheep
in order to predict future events, the act would be called
a. divination.
b. sorcery.
c. magic.
d. witchcraft.
e. sacrifice.
According to Guneratne and Bjork (Village Walks), when Arjun Guneratne returned to
Pipariya in 2009 he found that
a. some Tharu from the village were working overseas and sending money home.
b. the Tharu had built a small museum the depicted life as it had been many years ago.
c. tourists had largely stopped visiting the village because it’s residents had now built
brick houses and resembled their Brahmin neighbors.
d. two of the above
e. all of the above
Four of the following are listed as subsistence strategies in Part 3 of Conformity and
Conflict. Which one of the following is not?
a. pastoral
b. hunting and gathering
c. agricultural
d. manufacturing
e. horticultural
Which one of the following has not been used by at least one society as a legal structure
for settling disputes?
a. moot
b. go-between
c. ordeal
d. self-redress
e. none of the above
Harris (Life without Chiefs) argues that
a. people inherit a tendency to form dominance hierarchies in their social groups.
b. all groups must be led by formal, clearly identifiable leaders with authority.
c. big men amassed more wealth than common people because of their position.
redistributors.
d. nation states should adopt the political systems of our democratic ancestors.
hunter/gatherers.
e. chiefs could amass wealth and even inherit their formal position.
According to Weatherford (The Founding Indian Fathers),
a. Powhatan formed the original League of the Iroquois.
b. Benjamin Franklin advised the Mohawk to form the League of the Iroquois.
c. the League of the Iroquois originally included six nations, each with 10
representatives to a central council.
d. the League of the Iroquois was formed sometime between 1000 and 1400 AD.
e. two of the above
According to Cronk, the Kwakiutl potlatch is a good example of a way to
a. establish friendly alliances, in this case between clans.
b. maintain equal social relationships between different clan members.
c. fight or flatten social rivals.
d. establish alliances between competing political factions.
e. create future material wealth for the giver.
According to Alverson (Advice for Developers), which one of the following statements
about Peace Corps volunteers is true?
a. They easily recognize Tswana class and age distinctions.
b. They are able to make a good lie in many cases rather than tell the truth.
c They like their privacy and resent it when Tswana interrupt their tranquility.
d. They are offended by the usual candor of Tswana speech.
e. They prefer informal rather than written contracts.
According to Bohannan, the Tiv approved of
a. Hamlet’s desire to kill his father’s brother.
b. Hamlet’s desire to kill Polonius.
c. Ophelia’s attraction to Polonius.
d. Hamlet’s hasty marriage to Ophilia.
e. Hamlet’s mother’s hasty marriage to her dead husband’s brother.
According to Nelson (Eskimo Science) the approach to hunting by Inupiaq and
Koryukon hunters is
a. similar in many ways to that used by Western Scientists.
b. less effective than hunting techniques used by Western hunters.
c. more sensitive to animal behavior than the findings achieved by systematic
“scientific” animal behavior studies.
d. more destructive of natural resources than Western approaches to scavenging.
e. none of the above
Religious specialists who mediate between people and the supernatural are called
a. witches.
b. shamans.
c. diviners.
d. priests.
e. witch doctors.
According and Tannen, men often avoid asking directions because
a. their over-direct style does not yield accurate answers.
b. asking puts them in a one-down position.
c. they fail to listen to the answers they get.
d. two of the above
e. none of the above
Weatherford (The Founding Indian Fathers), notes that several features of the League of
the Iroquois resemble the design and process found in the U.S. Congress. Which one of
the following is such a feature?
a. a federation of separate nations
b. the rule that one sachem (delegate) should be able to speak at a time without
interruption
c. Delegates to the grand council must be addressed by their office designation, not their
personal name
d. two of the above
e. a, b, and c above
According to Bestor (How Sushi Went Global),
a. globalization does not mean homogenization. Sushi is still viewed as Japanese
worldwide.
b. in Spanish waters off Gibraltar, bluefin tuna are trapped, fed by hand, then processed
to meet the demand for sushi in Japan and around the world.
c. there is a national tuna day in Japan.
d. two of the above
e. a, b, and c above
In an epilogue to her article (Mother’s Love: Death Without Weeping), Scheper-Hughes
argues that __________________ contributed to lower infant death and birth rates in
Bom Jesus.
a. a national health care system
b. installation of water pipes through the shantytown
c. an infant training program offered by a North American mission
d. two of the above
e. a, b, and c above
Miner (Body Ritual among the Nacirema) points out that the fundamental belief that
underlies Nacireman body ritual is
a. that the human body is ugly and subject to disability and disease.
b. the concern about the beauty of the body.
c. that the health of the body depends on the health of the mind.
d. that disease of the body is caused by a person’s failure to take care of it properly.
e. the health of the body depends on the ministrations of the latipso.
In his article entitled “The Founding Indian Fathers,” Weatherford argues that
a. the U.S. Congress is designed on a European model.
b. American colonists taught the Indians how to conduct political discourse.
c. the design of the League of the Iroquois served as a model for the federal structure of
the U.S. government.
d. Powhatan suggested that the colonists form a federation so that he could deal with
them more efficiently.
e. two of the above
According to Bourgois (Office Work and the Crack Alternative), his informant, Primo,
a. never held a job in New York’s office environment.
b. left a job in a service company office primarily because of the low pay it offered.
c. enjoyed working for women supervisors.
d. had to quit his job because of repetitive stress syndrome.
e. disliked office work because he felt disrespected there.
Tannen notes that men often fail to ask for directions and that women usually do ask for
directions. Because it is easy to show that not asking for directions can have dire
consequences, she suggests that men
a. should change and ask for directions.
b. should ask for directions but in an indirect manner.
c. should be flexible, asking for directions when it seems appropriate to do so.
d. two of the above
e. none of the above
When someone uses a set of well-defined procedures he believes control and
manipulate supernatural force in order to gain some end, he or she is practicing
a. prayer.
b. magic.
c. witchcraft.
d. transcendent religion.
e. taboo.
In his article entitled “Life without Chiefs,” Harris argues that _____________ appear
in conjunction with ______________ exchange.
a. big men, reciprocal
b. big men, redistributive
c. headmen, redistributive
d. chiefs, reciprocal
e. presidents, market
The marriage of one woman to more than one man simultaneously is called
a. exogamy.
b. endogamy.
c. polygyny.
d. polyandry.
e. polyglycol.
Lee acquired the ox he intended to slaughter for the !Kung Christmas feast
a. from Herero pastoralists living nearby.
b. from a South African cattle rancher.
c. from the !Kung headman.
d. by catching it in the wild.
e. none of the above
According to Mann (You@Work), employers use the Internet to
a. find Websites created by applicants.
b. verify the accuracy of an applicant’s college degrees, certifications, and licenses.
c compare applicant’s resumes with those he or she posted on other job sites.
d. discover an applicant’s personal and sexual relationships with others.
e. ask for an applicants’ salary expectations.
According to Diamond (Domestication and the Evolution of Disease), most epidemic
diseases
a. evolved in the Americas but failed to spread because populations were too small
there.
b. evolved in the old world as a result of growing sedentary human populations and the
domestication of animals.
c. evolved in Africa from diseases that afflicted monkeys and great apes, the nearest
human relatives.
d. evolved in Asia where they are closely associated with vectors such as the Asian tiger
mosquito.
e. are tropical in origin.
Folk concepts of ghosts, spirits, ancestral beings, and gods are, according to most
anthropologists, signs of belief in
a. the supernatural.
b. taboo.
c. magic.
d. impersonal supernatural force.
e. sacrifice.
In her article on the Chinese uterine family, Wolf asserts that within her husband’s
family
a. a Chinese woman depends almost solely on her husband for support.
b. a woman receives most support from her husband’s brother’s wives.
c. a woman receives most of her support from her children.
d. a woman receives most support from the families into which her daughters have
married.
e. a woman receives most support from her parents and siblings.
According to Weatherford, Bolivian villagers are going hungry in the mountains
because
a. they all chew the more available coca leaves instead of keeping them for sale.
b. men have gone to the Chapare to work in cocaine production.
c. villagers are shipping all their food to cities where the demand to feed cocaine
workers is high.
d. two of the above.
e. a, b, and c above.
Lee found that in 1963, from 60 to 90 percent of the !Kung diet consisted of meat
brought back to camp by the men.
According to Weatherford (The Founding Indian Fathers), Benjamin Franklin and
several other influential colonists were intimately aware of Indian political structures
and processes.
A metaphor is an alternative word for something.
According to Goldstein (Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife), it is richer Tibetans
living in Nepal who prefer polyandry.
According to Stryker (Ethnography in the Public Interest), public interest ethnography
looks at public policy from the perspective of those who are affected by it.
The marriage of one man to two or more women is called polygyny.
Technology refers only to the machines people use to make things.
Stories about how the world came to be are called cosmology.
When an anthropologist attempts to make social interaction more predictable in cases
where two people are operating with different cultural codes, he or she is doing action
anthropology.
Dubisch (Run for the Wall) notes that the Run for the Wall began as a way to promote
respect for service in the U.S. military.
Cronk argues that gift giving is an important way for people to initiate and maintain
relationships in every society.
McCurdy (Using Anthropology) reports that an anthropologist who works as a
consultant discovered that Chicago area natural gas consumers lied on questionnaires
when they said they were trying to conserve energy.
Nelson (Eskimo Science) reported that Alaska’s Koyukon hunters are able to discover
the dens of bears by looking for the slight depressions in the snow that indicate
footprints in the underlying moss.
Reed argues that people must be prevented from living in the Amazon forest if the
tropical ecosystem is to survive.
Tannen (Conversation Style: Talking on the Job) argues that in the workplace, men
often refrain from asking for directions because it puts them in a one-down position.
Over the 30 years since Lee first described them, the Ju/”Hoansi !Kung have come to
live in permanent villages and have become much less dependent on foraging to meet
their subsistence needs.
Tacit culture is cultural knowledge that informants consciously hide from the
anthropologist during fieldwork.