What aspect of leadership has been emphasized most often in leadership theories and
research during the past half century?
a. leader traits and skills
b. leadership behavior
c. leader power and authority
d. the leadership situation
What was found in research on the effectiveness of self-managed teams?
a. productivity and quality improved substantially
b. organizational commitment usually increased
c. turnover and absenteeism were usually lower
d. the results were not consistent across studies
Which contingency theory uses specific leadership behaviors rather than broad
meta-categories?
a. path-goal theory
b. LPC contingency theory
c. substitutes for leadership
d. multiple linkage model
Which of the following is a task-oriented leadership function in decision groups?
a. supporting
b. process analyzing
c. summarizing
d. harmonizing
Which type of managerial role usually requires the most time and attention? a.
entrepreneur
b. spokesperson
c. disturbance handler
d. negotiator
Which is least likely to be the reason for resistance to major changes in job content and
procedures by people who have been doing the job with moderate success for many
years?
a. concern about their future job security in the organization
b. concern about not being able to adjust to the necessary changes
c. concern about the high cost to the organization of making the changes
d. a belief that the proposed changes are unnecessary
Which approach is least likely to be useful when trying to implement a major change in
an organization?
a. include symbolic changes that will affect the daily activities of members
b. select a task force with the skills and values needed to implement the change
c. describe the changes as routine, incremental adjustments to avoid upsetting people
d. measure the effects of the change on people, processes, and performance
Strong expert power is most likely to enhance the effectiveness of which tactic?
a. inspirational appeals
b. consultation
c. rational persuasion
d. legitimating
Which is least likely to be a reason for the confused state of the leadership literature?
a. a proliferation of confusing terms and diverse definitions
b. the use of complex theories to explain leader influence
c. the reliance on weak methods for much of the research
d. the narrow focus of most empirical studies on leadership
According to Conger and Kanungo, attributions of charisma are least likely for a leader
who:
a. creates dissatisfaction with current conditions
b. makes personal sacrifices to achieve the vision
c. acts in conventional ways to achieve the vision
d. recognizes opportunities to make successful changes
Substantial delegation is most likely to occur when:
a. the task is important for the work unit
b. the manager is confident and secure
c. subordinate jobs are highly interdependent
d. work procedures are highly standardized
A theory that describes how changes by top management in the structure and culture of
an organization affect the behavior of employees is best described as a:
a. prescriptive theory
b. hierarchical theory
c. multi-level theory
d. complexity theory
Which of the following was not a suggested guideline for adaptive leadership?
a. use more planning to prepare for a long, complex task
b. provide more direction to people with independent work roles
c. be more supportive to people who have a stressful task
d. provide more direction and briefings when there is a crisis
Which of the following was not identified as a weakness of most contingency theories
of effective leadership?
a. over-emphasis on broad categories of leadership behavior
b. inadequate explanation of causal relationships
c. failure to clearly distinguish moderators from mediators
d. over-emphasis on joint effects of situational variables
Leadership effectiveness is best assessed:
a. by evaluations from the leader’s boss
b. by subordinate evaluations of the leader
c. by a variety of subjective and objective criteria
d. by objective indicators of group performance
According to the Vroom-Yetton model, the leader should not use an autocratic decision
procedure when:
a. the decision is important and subordinates have relevant information
b. a decision is needed quickly to deal with an immediate crisis
c. subordinates are likely to disagree with each other about the best solution
d. subordinates trust the leader and respect his/her expertise
According to Stewart, which of the following statements is not correct?
a. demands and constraints are essentially the same for most managerial jobs
b. managerial behavior is strongly influenced by demands and constraints
c. role conflicts are caused by incompatible demands from different people
d. demands and constraints depend in part on a manager’s perceptions
Which condition is least important for the success of a new strategy?
a. it is similar to a strategy that was previously successful
b. it is based on the core competencies of the organization
c. it is compatible with significant changes in the external environment
d. it has a few clear themes relevant to the shared values of the members
Which of the following is not a common feature of leadership research?
a. studies that involve field experiments
b. surveys conducted in real organizations
c. studies conducted to test leadership theories
d. studies with subordinate ratings of leader behavior
Which cultural value dimension is most likely to encourage rapid economic
development?
a. high performance emphasis
b. high uncertainty avoidance
c. high humane orientation
d. high power distance
Which is not a major obstacle in evaluating ethical leadership for individual leaders? a.
lack of interest in ethical leadership among scholars
b. difficulty in determining if the ends justifies the means
c. cultural differences in standards of ethical behavior
d. the subjectivity inherent in the selection of criteria
Which of the following influence processes is least important in theories of charismatic
leadership?
a. instrumental compliance
b. personal identification
c. social identification
d. internalization
What conclusion is best supported in the case study by Roberts of a school
administrator?
a. followers attribute charisma to a new leader who uses unconventional behavior and
enthusiastic visioning to deal successfully with a crisis
b. followers attribute charisma to a new leader who uses an unconventional approach in
a crisis, regardless of the outcome
c. followers attribute charisma to a new leader who uses unconventional behavior and
enthusiastic visioning, regardless of whether there is a crisis
d. charisma is unlikely to be attributed to any new leader in a highly bureaucratic
organization, regardless of the situation